剑桥团队研究发现，目前新冠病毒从基因角度分析有三类，原始病毒（A）广泛存在于美国和澳大利亚，武汉只有少量，中国和亚洲流行的是其变种(B) ，而其进一步的变种（C) 先流行于新加坡，再传至意大利，现流行于整个欧洲。B类病毒的传染性弱于C类。 鏈接: https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/covid-19-genetic-network-analysis-provides-snapshot-of-pandemic-origins?from=timeline&isappinstalled=0 Study charts the “incipient supernova” of COVID-19 through genetic mutations as it spread from China and Asia to Australia, Europe and North America. Researchers say their methods could be used to help identify undocumented infection sources. Phylogenetic network analysis has the potential to help identify undocumented COVID-19 infection sources Peter Forster Researchers from Cambridge, UK, and Germany have reconstructed the early “evolutionary paths” of COVID-19 in humans – as infection spread from Wuhan out to Europe and North America – using genetic network techniques. By analysing the first 160 complete virus genomes to be sequenced from human patients, the scientists have mapped some of the original spread of the new coronavirus through its mutations, which creates different viral lineages. “There are too many rapid mutations to neatly trace a COVID-19 family tree. We used a mathematical network algorithm to visualise all the plausible trees simultaneously,” said geneticist Dr Peter Forster, lead author from the University of Cambridge. “These techniques are mostly known for mapping the movements of prehistoric human populations through DNA. We think this is one of the first times they have been used to trace the infection routes of a coronavirus like COVID-19.” The team used data from virus genomes sampled from across the world between 24 December 2019 and 4 March 2020. The research revealed three distinct “variants” of COVID-19, consisting of clusters of closely related lineages, which they label ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. Forster and colleagues found that the closest type of COVID-19 to the one discovered in bats – type ‘A’, the “original human virus genome” – was present in Wuhan, but surprisingly was not the city’s predominant virus type. Mutated versions of ‘A’ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia. Wuhan’s major virus type, ‘B’, was prevalent in patients from across East Asia. However, the variant didn’t travel much beyond the region without further mutations – implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or “resistance” against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers. The ‘C’ variant is the major European type, found in early patients from France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study’s Chinese mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea. The new analysis also suggests that one of the earliest introductions of the virus into Italy came via the first documented German infection on January 27, and that another early Italian infection route was related to a “Singapore cluster”. Importantly, the researchers say that their genetic networking techniques accurately traced established infection routes: the mutations and viral lineages joined the dots between known cases. As such, the scientists argue that these “phylogenetic” methods could be applied to the very latest coronavirus genome sequencing to help predict future global hot spots of disease transmission and surge. “Phylogenetic network analysis has the potential to help identify undocumented COVID-19 infection sources, which can then be quarantined to contain further spread of the disease worldwide,” said Forster, a fellow of the McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research at Cambridge, as well as the University’s Institute of Continuing Education. The findings are published today in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The software used in the study, as well as classifications for over 1,000 coronavirus genomes and counting, is available free at www.fluxus-technology.com. Variant ‘A’, most closely related to the virus found in both bats and pangolins, is described as “the root of the outbreak” by researchers. Type ‘B’ is derived from ‘A’, separated by two mutations, then ‘C’ is in turn a “daughter” of ‘B’. Researchers say the localisation of the ‘B’ variant to East Asia could result from a “founder effect”: a genetic bottleneck that occurs when, in the case of a virus, a new type is established from a small, isolated group of infections. Forster argues that there is another explanation worth considering. “The Wuhan B-type virus could be immunologically or environmentally adapted to a large section of the East Asian population. It may need to mutate to overcome resistance outside East Asia. We seem to see a slower mutation rate in East Asia than elsewhere, in this initial phase.” He added: “The viral network we have detailed is a snapshot of the early stages of an epidemic, before the evolutionary paths of COVID-19 become obscured by vast numbers of mutations. It’s like catching an incipient supernova in the act.” Since today’s PNAS study was conducted, the research team has extended its analysis to 1,001 viral genomes. While yet to be peer-reviewed, Forster says the latest work suggests that the first infection and spread among humans of COVID-19 occurred between mid-September and early December. The phylogenetic network methods used by researchers – allowing the visualisation of hundreds of evolutionary trees simultaneously in one simple graph – were pioneered in New Zealand in 1979, then developed by German mathematicians in the 1990s. These techniques came to the attention of archaeologist Professor Colin Renfrew, a co-author of the new PNAS study, in 1998. Renfrew went on to establish one of the first archaeogenetics research groups in the world at the University of Cambridge.
Mutated versions of ‘A’ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia. 注意，在武汉生活过的美国人身上携带的A型病毒是变异过的，和武汉本地的A型病毒不完全相同。
Researchers from Cambridge, UK, and Germany have reconstructed the early “evolutionary paths” of COVID-19 in humans – as infection spread from Wuhan out to Europe and North America – using genetic network techniques.
Researchers from Cambridge, UK, and Germany have reconstructed the early “evolutionary paths” of COVID-19 in humans – as infection spread from Wuhan out to Europe and North America – using genetic network techniques.
Forster and colleagues found that the closest type of COVID-19 to the one discovered in bats – type ‘A’, the “original human virus genome” – was present in Wuhan, but surprisingly was not the city’s predominant virus type.
Mutated versions of ‘A’ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia.
有点断章取义了吧，人家的意思是说，A型的病毒在武汉有存在，但不是武汉的主流病毒种类。提到美国的时候说，美国的A型变异版本的病毒的病人有武汉生活史。并且标题上明明白白写了：“spread from China and Asia to Australia, Europe and North America”。 人家明明白白的意思就是病毒从中国和亚洲传播到澳大利亚欧洲和北美。哪里有起源自美国的意思？ 拿这么一篇文章来证明病毒不是起源自中国不是搬石头砸自己的脚？ 而且这个杂志本来就有关系户的传统，这篇文章的内容和之前中国科学家发的也没什么区别，千万别太看重了。 [ 此帖被虎扑JR2012215370在2020-04-10 22:54修改 ]
Forster says the latest work suggests that the first infection and spread among humans of COVID-19 occurred between mid-September and early December. 这句话也很重要
Researchers from Cambridge, UK, and Germany have reconstructed the early “evolutionary paths” of COVID-19 in humans – as infection spread from Wuhan out to Europe and North America – using genetic network techniques. 来自英国剑桥和德国的研究人员利用基因网络技术，重建了人类COVID-19的早期"进化路径"——感染从武汉蔓延到欧洲和北美。
orster and colleagues found that the closest type of COVID-19 to the one discovered in bats – type ‘A’, the “original human virus genome” – was present in Wuhan, but surprisingly was not the city’s predominant virus type.
Mutated versions of ‘A’ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia.
Wuhan’s major virus type, ‘B’, was prevalent in patients from across East Asia. However, the variant didn’t travel much beyond the region without further mutations – implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or “resistance” against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers.
The ‘C’ variant is the major European type, found in early patients from France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study’s Chinese mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea. 福斯特和他的同事发现，最接近在蝙蝠中发现的COVID-19类型——"A型"，"原始人类基因组"——存在于武汉，但令人惊讶的是，它不是这个城市的主要病毒类型。 据报道，在武汉居住的美国人中，发现了"A"的突变版本，在美国和澳大利亚的患者中发现了大量A型病毒。 武汉的主要病毒类型"B"在东亚各地患者中流行。然而，研究人员说，这种变异没有进一步突变就游出该地区，这意味着武汉会发生"创始人事件"，或者对东亚以外的此类COVID-19进行"抵抗"。 "C"变种是欧洲的主要类型，在法国、意大利、瑞典和英国的早期患者中发现。该研究在中国大陆的样本中不存在，但在新加坡、香港和韩国都能看到。
🔥 最新回帖
人家不是不敢回，是跟想象者无法沟通！自己在那说大概率在武汉，而人家根本就没确定在武汉！已经被自己的主观思想控制的人有辩论的意义吗？
好一个肿！自己都搞不明白，真的还说别人硬撑，真特么搞笑！
你这脸都给打肿了真的别硬撑了..
感谢回复老哥，他的结论确实没什么实验结果作依托
🛋️ 沙发板凳
现在是个西方比较认可的学术机构公开出来表态，我觉得其成果有一定代表性
编辑了，抱歉 [ 此帖被这片真香在2020-04-10 21:16修改 ]
只代表一种思路，普遍认可还需要时间。
美国科学院报 一区 IF9.8
剑桥噢 我在白宫等你 来白宫 指定妹有你好果汁吃噢 你记住了👊
英国人头铁的程度你懂的
反正也没明说是哪，就是描述结果。
怎么不索命呢😂病毒本来就是人类共同的敌人，赔了钱失去的生命就能回来嘛
哈哈哈不否定就开除
但我觉得对于大趋势的改变还是有很大的价值
你说的在理，但现在短时间内，我觉得咱们还是有理就要力争
附译文：研究绘制了COVID-19从中国和亚洲传播到澳大利亚、欧洲和北美的“早期超新星”的遗传突变图。研究人员说，他们的方法可以用来帮助识别无证件的感染源。
系统发育网络分析有助于识别未记录的COVID-19感染源
皮特-佛斯特来自英国剑桥和德国的研究人员利用基因网络技术重建了COVID-19在人类体内的早期“进化路径”——随着感染从武汉扩散到欧洲和北美。
通过分析首批160个完整的人类患者病毒基因组，科学家们绘制出了新冠状病毒通过变异传播的一些原始图谱，这些变异产生了不同的病毒谱系。
“有太多的快速突变，无法清晰地追踪COVID-19家族树。剑桥大学的遗传学家彼得·福斯特博士说：“我们使用了一种数学网络算法来同时可视化所有可能的树。”。
“这些技术主要是通过DNA绘制史前人类种群的活动图。我们认为这是第一次使用它们来追踪像COVID-19这样的冠状病毒的感染途径。”
研究小组使用了从2019年12月24日至2020年3月4日期间从世界各地取样的病毒基因组数据。这项研究揭示了COVID-19的三个不同的“变体”，由密切相关的谱系组成，他们将其标记为“A”、“B”和“C”。
福斯特和他的同事们发现，与蝙蝠中发现的COVID-19最接近的一种类型——“A”型，即“原始人类病毒基因组”存在于武汉，但令人惊讶的是，它并不是武汉市的主要病毒类型。
据报道，在居住在武汉的美国人中发现了“A”的变异版本，在美国和澳大利亚的患者中发现了大量的A型病毒。
武汉的主要病毒类型“B”在东亚各地的患者中普遍存在。然而，研究人员说，这种变异在没有进一步突变的情况下并没有在该地区传播太多，这意味着武汉发生了“创始事件”，或者东亚以外地区对这种COVID-19的“抵抗”。
“C”变异是主要的欧洲类型，在法国、意大利、瑞典和英国的早期患者中发现。该研究在中国大陆的样本中不存在，但在新加坡、香港和韩国都有。
新的分析还表明，最早将该病毒引入意大利的病毒之一是在1月27日通过第一次有记录的德国感染，而意大利早期的另一种感染途径与“新加坡群”有关。
重要的是，研究人员说，他们的基因网络技术准确地追踪了既定的感染途径：突变和病毒谱系在已知病例之间连接在一起。
因此，科学家们认为，这些“系统发育”方法可以应用于最新的冠状病毒基因组测序，以帮助预测未来全球疾病传播和激增的热点。
剑桥大学麦克唐纳考古研究所（McDonald Institute of Archemical Research）以及该大学继续教育研究所（University of Continuous Education）的研究员福斯特说：“系统发育网络分析有可能有助于识别未登记的COVID-19感染源，然后将其隔离，以遏制该疾病在全球的进一步传播。”。
研究结果发表在今天的《美国国家科学院院刊》（PNAS）上。研究中使用的软件，以及超过1000个冠状病毒基因组和计数的分类，可在www.fluxus-technology.com上免费获得。
变异体“A”，与蝙蝠和穿山甲中发现的病毒最为密切相关，被研究人员称为“爆发的根源”。类型“B”是从“A”派生的，由两个突变分开，然后“C”又是“B”的“女儿”。
研究人员说，B变种在东亚的定位可能是“奠基人效应”的结果：在病毒的情况下，一种新型病毒是从一小部分孤立的感染群中产生的，这是一种遗传瓶颈。
福斯特认为还有另一个解释值得考虑。“武汉B型病毒可以在免疫或环境上适应东亚大部分人群。它可能需要变异以克服东亚以外的阻力。在这个初始阶段，我们似乎看到东亚地区的突变率比其他地区要慢。”
他补充道：“我们详细描述的病毒网络是一种流行病早期阶段的快照，在COVID-19的进化路径被大量突变所掩盖之前。这就像是在行动中捕捉到一颗初生的超新星。”
自从今天的PNAS研究开始以来，研究小组已经将分析扩展到了1001个病毒基因组。福斯特说，虽然尚待同行评审，但最新的研究表明，COVID-19在人类中的首次感染和传播发生在9月中旬至12月初。
研究人员使用的系统发育网络方法（允许在一个简单的图表中同时可视化数百棵进化树）于1979年在新西兰率先提出，然后在1990年代由德国数学家发展起来。
这些技术引起了考古学家Colin Renfrew教授的注意，他是1998年新PNAS研究的合著者。伦弗鲁接着在剑桥大学建立了世界上最早的考古遗传学研究小组之一。
注意，在武汉生活过的美国人身上携带的A型病毒是变异过的，和武汉本地的A型病毒不完全相同。
yes！
剑桥可能会被精准打击……
他这不是在嘲讽要求中国赔钱的那些恶心的国家？看不懂就是幼稚？
谢谢兄弟，大家一起亮你上去
剑桥大学会不会被卡车撞死…担心
川普: 没有人比我更懂剑桥
那蝙蝠是不是遭受不白之冤了？
他们媒体你觉得会去报道这个吗
还搁着捣鼓你美股呐，我病毒呐？
不带加🐶都么
Researchers from Cambridge, UK, and Germany have reconstructed the early “evolutionary paths” of COVID-19 in humans – as infection spread from Wuhan out to Europe and North America – using genetic network techniques.
文章说A型最早出现在武汉，并且美国出现A型的病毒变异的是在武汉居住的美国人。并且文章提出B型对于东亚适应性明显更好，所以传播的更多
就算全世界的科研杂志都认定了西方人也看不到的🐶🐶
这不就是发在PNAS上么，算是比较权威期刊了
通篇不是说中国是起源吗？
有，dailytime已经报道了，估计川普要拿庄生试药，庄生在组织反击
我个人理解这是传染路线，毫无疑问在武汉爆发，才成为世界大流行病，但这个病毒在爆发前是在美澳开始变异图谱的，个人觉得不矛盾
所以正确的逻辑就是，军运会期间，美国大兵和武汉蝙蝠密切接触感染了a并带回了美国，几个月后a变异成b感染武汉，然后到德国新加坡变异成了c。
Mutated versions of ‘A’ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia.
有点断章取义了吧，人家的意思是说，A型的病毒在武汉有存在，但不是武汉的主流病毒种类。提到美国的时候说，美国的A型变异版本的病毒的病人有武汉生活史。并且标题上明明白白写了：“spread from China and Asia to Australia, Europe and North America”。 人家明明白白的意思就是病毒从中国和亚洲传播到澳大利亚欧洲和北美。哪里有起源自美国的意思？ 拿这么一篇文章来证明病毒不是起源自中国不是搬石头砸自己的脚？ 而且这个杂志本来就有关系户的传统，这篇文章的内容和之前中国科学家发的也没什么区别，千万别太看重了。 [ 此帖被虎扑JR2012215370在2020-04-10 22:54修改 ]
这句话也很重要
我个人理解起源是美国的A型，然后在武汉变异为B型，传播到世界各地。你要说武汉传播好像也没啥问题？
来自英国剑桥和德国的研究人员利用基因网络技术，重建了人类COVID-19的早期"进化路径"——感染从武汉蔓延到欧洲和北美。
orster and colleagues found that the closest type of COVID-19 to the one discovered in bats – type ‘A’, the “original human virus genome” – was present in Wuhan, but surprisingly was not the city’s predominant virus type.
Mutated versions of ‘A’ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia.
Wuhan’s major virus type, ‘B’, was prevalent in patients from across East Asia. However, the variant didn’t travel much beyond the region without further mutations – implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or “resistance” against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers.
The ‘C’ variant is the major European type, found in early patients from France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study’s Chinese mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea.
福斯特和他的同事发现，最接近在蝙蝠中发现的COVID-19类型——"A型"，"原始人类基因组"——存在于武汉，但令人惊讶的是，它不是这个城市的主要病毒类型。
据报道，在武汉居住的美国人中，发现了"A"的突变版本，在美国和澳大利亚的患者中发现了大量A型病毒。
武汉的主要病毒类型"B"在东亚各地患者中流行。然而，研究人员说，这种变异没有进一步突变就游出该地区，这意味着武汉会发生"创始人事件"，或者对东亚以外的此类COVID-19进行"抵抗"。
"C"变种是欧洲的主要类型，在法国、意大利、瑞典和英国的早期患者中发现。该研究在中国大陆的样本中不存在，但在新加坡、香港和韩国都能看到。
对的，这个楼主自己搞了个大新闻，断章取义。
这已经是第二篇相关文献了，之前就有研究过基因网图，发现武汉爆发的不是最初的病毒
不可能，武汉没有a类的话，怎么可能会出现b类？病毒不可能自己变出来。武汉出现原始病毒是非常正常的事。溯源的工作可能永远都不会有结果，但是我们需要继续寻求真相。
？？？
皇家翻译出来了
除非东风压倒民兵，不然不会认的
那武汉的病毒应该就是美澳的后代，然后现有病例的基因分析都指向武汉病例是祖先。
https://nextstrain.org/ncov/zh?c=country
当然这个还需要继续追溯，但是目前的证据并不支持你的说法。
这样狡辩是没说服力的。事实是A型的病毒的老家是美国，武汉的A型才是美国人带过来变异的版本。B型是在武汉A型基础上的变异。
他不加🐶你还真就看不出来？
是我觉得意思是武汉是爆发点，但爆发种类是美国的亚洲，没可能儿子生爸爸
被灭不是没有道理的
我没看懂，我道歉，对不起
拼写错误很讲究
不要去指望西方的研究，意大利的前车之鉴还在呢。这篇论文最后大概率还是把起源扔给国内。
之所文章要颠倒两种A型的先后关系，估计是为了能公开发表！
魏建军：🤨🤨🤨🤨🤨🤨🤨🤨🤨
没看到有利啊，里面说了A型起源于武汉但是在武汉没有大量爆发。变异成了B才爆发
不会有人看不懂英文吧🐶
很可惜这个仍旧不能作为证据，不然早就闹翻天了。
我理解你的意思，但可能在美国本土就以“流感”的面目传播，而且先于武汉，只是我们识别比较快，地震不是第一个求救的人制造出来了的
老翻译家了
也就是说原始病毒A还是在武汉发现的，只是武汉的主要类型不是A而是B。B在东亚区广泛流行并且就限制在东亚区。变异的A在美国和澳大利亚广泛出现。
我觉得根据这篇文章还是很难确定源头，毕竟原始病毒A还是在武汉最先发现，虽然其变异版本在美国和澳大利亚过得更好…除非在其他地方找到更早的A（比如美国去检测去年电子烟死亡病例），否则这件事很难有结果…
卡车应该是8行了，就看会不会有大力神失事直接栽倒剑桥嘞