下面是DEA 长达100页的2020年度报告，芬太尼只占一小部分，冰毒、海洛因、可卡因、大麻、各种处方药。。。美国不愧是毒品大国： https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf 现在墨西哥才是走私芬太尼原料主要生产国。 DEA reporting indicates that Mexican TCOs are significantly involved in fentanyl production. The Sinaloa Cartel and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) appear to be increasing the production of wholesale quantities of fentanyl in both powder and pill forms. Additionally, these TCOs are diversifying their precursor chemical sources of supply, and moving to precursor chemicals further down the synthesis chain to avoid international chemical controls. Mexican TCOs will almost certainly have the greatest direct impact on the fentanyl market in the United States for the near future because of these organizations’ increased capacity and capabilities for fentanyl production, adaptations to restrictions on precursor chemicals, and existing drug trafficking infrastructure in the United States. 美国海关：美国在2018年10月到2019年3月共缴获了536.8公斤芬太尼中，只有5.87公斤来自中国，比例仅略高于1%。 据国际麻醉品管制局统计，美国是全世界最大的芬太尼类药品的生产国和消费国。 2018年，美国向联合国申请的芬太尼类物质的生产配额达到了1.19吨，而同期中国的生产量只有50公斤左右 。
下面是DEA 长达100页的2020年度报告，芬太尼只占一小部分，冰毒、海洛因、可卡因、大麻、各种处方药。。。美国不愧是毒品大国： https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf 现在墨西哥才是芬太尼原料主要生产国。 DEA reporting indicates that Mexican TCOs are significantly involved in fentanyl production. The Sinaloa Cartel and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) appear to be increasing the production of wholesale quantities of fentanyl in both powder and pill forms. Additionally, these TCOs are diversifying their precursor chemical sources of supply, and moving to precursor chemicals further down the synthesis chain to avoid international chemical controls. Mexican TCOs will almost certainly have the greatest direct impact on the fentanyl market in the United States for the near future because of these organizations’ increased capacity and capabilities for fentanyl production, adaptations to restrictions on precursor chemicals, and existing drug trafficking infrastructure in the United States. 美国海关：美国在2018年10月到2019年3月共缴获了536.8公斤芬太尼中，只有5.87公斤来自中国，比例仅略高于1%。
True. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/DEA_GOV_DIR-008-20%20Fentanyl%20Flow%20in%20the%20United%20States_0.pdf DEA的公开报告，Fentanyl Flow to the United States
True. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/DEA_GOV_DIR-008-20%20Fentanyl%20Flow%20in%20the%20United%20States_0.pdf DEA的公开报告，Fentanyl Flow to the United States ccheetos 发表于 2021-11-27 13:52
DEA挺客观的呀，说了中国2019年开始加强管控了 Effective May 1, 2019, China officially controlled all forms of fentanyl as a class of drugs. This fulfilled the commitment that President Xi made during the G-20 Summit. The implementation of the new measure includes investigations of known fentanyl manufacturing areas, stricter control of internet sites advertising fentanyl, stricter enforcement of shipping regulations, and the creation of special teams to investigate leads on fentanyl trafficking. These new restrictions have the potential to severely limit fentanyl production and trafficking from China. This could alter China’s position as a supplier to both the United States and Mexico. 在那之前一些不良分子把东西寄给墨西哥，再运往美国，有啥不可能的？直接邮寄美国风险太大了。 但这个完全是没有良心的资本家所为，不要跟中国政府扯上关系！中国政府监管之后应该就会好不少了。 --你们看看我这个总结发言大家满意么
如果你们仔细读这个文章，所有关于中国的叙述都用了一个词directly. 就是说直接从中国来的近年减少了。下面的文章是国会网站上的，应该可信。我不是法轮功，纯粹就事论事。芬太尼这事情前两年很火，如果你们听广播肯定没少听到。 https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10890 At the same hearing, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) noted that despite an “apparent shift in fentanyl production to other countries such as India and Mexico,” China remains a “major source country” for a variety of controlled substances and drug-related manufacturing equipment, including pill presses.
DEA挺客观的呀，说了中国2019年开始加强管控了 Effective May 1, 2019, China officially controlled all forms of fentanyl as a class of drugs. This fulfilled the commitment that President Xi made during the G-20 Summit. The implementation of the new measure includes investigations of known fentanyl manufacturing areas, stricter control of internet sites advertising fentanyl, stricter enforcement of shipping regulations, and the creation of special teams to investigate leads on fentanyl trafficking. These new restrictions have the potential to severely limit fentanyl production and trafficking from China. This could alter China’s position as a supplier to both the United States and Mexico. 在那之前一些不良分子把东西寄给墨西哥，再运往美国，有啥不可能的？直接邮寄美国风险太大了。 但这个完全是没有良心的资本家所为，不要跟中国政府扯上关系！中国政府监管之后应该就会好不少了。 --你们看看我这个总结发言大家满意么
如果你们仔细读这个文章，所有关于中国的叙述都用了一个词directly. 就是说直接从中国来的近年减少了。下面的文章是国会网站上的，应该可信。我不是法轮功，纯粹就事论事。芬太尼这事情前两年很火，如果你们听广播肯定没少听到。 https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10890 At the same hearing, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) noted that despite an “apparent shift in fentanyl production to other countries such as India and Mexico,” China remains a “major source country” for a variety of controlled substances and drug-related manufacturing equipment, including pill presses. wdong 发表于 2021-11-27 13:59
下面是DEA 长达100页的2020年度报告，芬太尼只占一小部分，冰毒、海洛因、可卡因、大麻、各种处方药。。。美国不愧是毒品大国： https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf 现在墨西哥才是芬太尼原料主要生产国。 DEA reporting indicates that Mexican TCOs are significantly involved in fentanyl production. The Sinaloa Cartel and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) appear to be increasing the production of wholesale quantities of fentanyl in both powder and pill forms. Additionally, these TCOs are diversifying their precursor chemical sources of supply, and moving to precursor chemicals further down the synthesis chain to avoid international chemical controls. Mexican TCOs will almost certainly have the greatest direct impact on the fentanyl market in the United States for the near future because of these organizations’ increased capacity and capabilities for fentanyl production, adaptations to restrictions on precursor chemicals, and existing drug trafficking infrastructure in the United States. 美国海关：美国在2018年10月到2019年3月共缴获了536.8公斤芬太尼中，只有5.87公斤来自中国，比例仅略高于1%。
仔细读读这个 'We Are Shipping To The U.S.': Inside China's Online Synthetic Drug Networks https://www.npr.org/2020/11/17/916890880/we-are-shipping-to-the-u-s-china-s-fentanyl-sellers-find-new-routes-to-drug-user
仔细读读这个 'We Are Shipping To The U.S.': Inside China's Online Synthetic Drug Networks https://www.npr.org/2020/11/17/916890880/we-are-shipping-to-the-u-s-china-s-fentanyl-sellers-find-new-routes-to-drug-user brookeyang 发表于 2021-11-27 14:05
仔细读读这个 'We Are Shipping To The U.S.': Inside China's Online Synthetic Drug Networks https://www.npr.org/2020/11/17/916890880/we-are-shipping-to-the-u-s-china-s-fentanyl-sellers-find-new-routes-to-drug-user brookeyang 发表于 2021-11-27 14:05
如果你们仔细读这个文章，所有关于中国的叙述都用了一个词directly. 就是说直接从中国来的近年减少了。下面的文章是国会网站上的，应该可信。我不是法轮功，纯粹就事论事。芬太尼这事情前两年很火，如果你们听广播肯定没少听到。 https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10890 At the same hearing, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) noted that despite an “apparent shift in fentanyl production to other countries such as India and Mexico,” China remains a “major source country” for a variety of controlled substances and drug-related manufacturing equipment, including pill presses. wdong 发表于 2021-11-27 13:59
楼主看看下面这份CBP的文件，里面多次提到中国。（https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/CBP-Opioid-Strategy-508.pdf） 第6页： “First, since the 1990s, there has been a dramatic rise in opioid pain medication prescriptions. Second, heroin from Mexico has flooded the country. Third, the illicit manufacture and illegal importation of fentanyl -- an extremely deadly synthetic opioid -- and its analogues and related compounds have proliferated. Fentanyl is currently manufactured almost exclusively in China, and it is either shipped into the United States or smuggled across the southern border by drug traffickers. Between 2013 and 2016, the amount of fentanyl seized by Customs and Border Protection at the border increased more than 200 times over. Dealers are increasingly lacing fentanyl into other drugs and pressing it into counterfeit opioid pills. Because fentanyl is lethal in even miniscule doses, this is an extremely deadly tactic, as it too often causes users to ingest a fatal amount unknowingly.” 第7页： A majority of the illicit fentanyl in the United States is manufactured in clandestine labs in China and possesses strong opioid properties that make it an attractive drug of abuse. Further underscoring this particular drug threat, the Centers for Disease Control reports that there was a 73 percent increase in deaths involving such synthetic opioids from 5,544 in 2014 to 9,580 in 2015. The actual number of fentanyl – or fentanyl analogue-related deaths likely is higher as these deaths may have been incorrectly attributed to other causes. 第10页： While much attention is being paid to transit countries such as Mexico and source countries such as China, incumbent in this goal is to prioritize source and transit countries and to increase collaboration and operational efforts to thwart the production and distribution of fentanyl. 第10页-第11页： While Mexico serves as a primary route for fentanyl to enter the U.S., the purity level of fentanyl entering from the southwest border is approximately 7% pure. By contrast, fentanyl arriving from China via express consignment and international mail facilities is nearly 90% pure thus more lethal. CBP, in partnership with our federal partners, has been engaging Chinese counterparts to engage in efforts to disrupt the supply of fentanyl and other synthetic opioids that are flooding into this country from China. CBP was one of the supporting agencies in DOJ’s federal indictment of two Chinese nationals and their North American based traffickers and distributors for separate conspiracies to distribute large quantities of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues and other opiate 12 DRAFT National Drug Control Strategy, 27 October 2017, page 42 Page|10 CBP Strategy to Combat Opioids substances in the United States.13 By collaborating with CBP’s foreign partners, including the Chinese government and other federal entities, CBP will exchange information about illicit opioid global supply networks in an effort to garner more indictments and other enforcement actions.
She also began extensively reporting on the region of Xinjiang during this period, becoming the first foreign reporter to uncover that China was separating Uyghur children from their parents and sending them to state-run orphanages, and discovering that China was introducing forced labor in Xinjiang's detention camps. Emily Feng 还真是冲在反华最前线。有人知道这个人的更多背景吗？我倒是有点感兴趣了
这篇是Congressional Research Service的文章。（https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF10890.pdf）
Illicit Fentanyl and China’s Role Addressing illicit fentanyl in the context of the ongoing opioid crisis is both a domestic and foreign policy issue for the 117th Congress. According to U.S. estimates, synthetic opioids, including predominantly foreign-sourced fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds (analogues), killed more Americans in the past 12 months than any other type of opioid. In addressing the international dimensions of the problem, policymakers have faced challenges in stopping fentanyl, fentanyl-related substances, and emerging synthetic opioids from entering the United States. In recent years, counternarcotics attention has focused on reducing fentanyl flows from China. Background Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that has been used medically as a painkiller and an anesthetic since it was first synthesized in 1959. Due to fentanyl’s potential for abuse and addiction, the United Nations (U.N.) placed it under strict international control in 1964. In the United States, it is regulated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), pursuant to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, as amended (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.). In recent years, fentanyl and its analogues have emerged as a major international drug control problem. Overdose deaths from their abuse have continued to rise, and a growing number of fentanyl analogues appear marketed for nonmedical, often unregulated use. In September 2020, the International Narcotics Control Board reported the existence of 144 fentanyl-related substances with no currently known legitimate uses. The U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime estimates that laboratories could potentially synthesize thousands of other fentanyl analogues. As of December 2020, fentanyl and 26 fentanyl analogues are scheduled for international control pursuant to the U.N. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. In 2018, U.N. member states agreed to place two common chemicals used to produce fentanyl (fentanyl “precursor chemicals”) under international control: N-phenethyl-4- piperidone (NPP) and 4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidone (ANPP). Since then, traffickers have shifted to producing other fentanyl precursors, such as 4-AP, which have not been internationally regulated. Sources and Trafficking Pathways While not a new phenomenon, the illicit production and trafficking of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues in recent years have been associated with rising numbers of U.S. opioid-related overdose fatalities, as well as fatalities in Canada and Europe. Clandestine laboratories may engage in illicit production of fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and precursors. Otherwise legitimate companies may produce unregulated analogues and precursors. Also, legally manufactured fentanyl pharmaceutical products may be illicitly diverted through theft and fraudulent prescriptions. China has been a major source of U.S.-bound fentanyl and, more recently, precursors and production equipment (Figure 1). In January 2020, DEA assessed that although China remained the “primary source” of all fentanyl-related substances trafficked into the United States, other sources of fentanyl were emerging. Based on U.S. seizure data, fentanyl and fentanyl analogues were often mailed from China in parcel packages. These small (typically less than 1 kilogram in weight), high-purity (often testing above 90% purity) parcels would arrive in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, where they would be mixed with heroin (or other illicit drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine) or pressed into pills (some purporting to be name-brand pharmaceutical opioid preparations). In December 2020 testimony, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) reported two consecutive years of “dramatic” declines in the number of seizures of suspected fentanyl or synthetic opioids in inbound international mail. At the same hearing, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) noted that despite an “apparent shift in fentanyl production to other countries such as India and Mexico,” China remains a “major source country” for a variety of controlled substances and drug-related manufacturing equipment, including pill presses. Arrangements to procure fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and related precursors are typically conducted online. Producers advertise products on the clear web through public websites, social media accounts, and password-protected marketplaces. Further complicating law enforcement detection, traffickers often exploit features of the dark web and cryptocurrencies to procure and purchase fentanyl and fentanyl analogues anonymously. Figure 1. China-Sourced Fentanyl Trafficking Flows Source: DEA (2020). Addressing China’s Role To address the problem of illicit fentanyl from China, the U.S. government has pressed China to impose domestic controls on fentanyl analogues and precursors, indicted and Illicit Fentanyl and China’s Role https://crsreports.congress.gov sanctioned Chinese fentanyl manufacturers and distributors, and negotiated for more advance tracking information on packages from China. Even as the overall U.S.-China relationship has grown more contentious, those efforts and others appear to have yielded progress. In 2019, China imposed domestic controls on the entire fentanyl class of chemicals, including all known and all potential future variations of fentanyl. It said it did so, in part, “to respond to the U.S. side’s concern.” China first announced its intention to pursue class scheduling in December 2018, following a meeting between thenPresident Donald J. Trump and China’s President Xi Jinping on the sidelines of a G-20 meeting in Buenos Aires. On May 1, 2019, China added all fentanyl-related substances not already scheduled to its “Supplementary List of Controlled Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances with Non-Medical Use.” According to the State Department’s 2020 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INSCR), China’s class scheduling of fentanyl “led to pronounced shifts in fentanyl and fentanyl analogue flows to the United States.” The INSCR cited CBP data showing seizures of fentanyl directly shipped from China dropped from over 116 kilograms in FY2017 to less than 200 grams in FY2019. Justice and Treasury Departments efforts may have increased pressure on Chinese fentanyl traffickers. In October 2017, the Justice Department announced that it had designated two Chinese nationals, Yan Xiaobing and Zhang Jian, as Consolidated Priority Organization Targets (CPOTs), making them the first fentanyl manufacturers and distributors of any nationality to be so designated. The term refers to “‘command and control’ elements of the most prolific international drug trafficking and money laundering organizations.” In April 2018, the Treasury Department designated Zhang as a significant foreign narcotic trafficker pursuant to the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (P.L. 106-120), the first time the department designated an accused fentanyl trafficker of any nationality under the act. The Treasury Department later identified three more Chinese nationals—Yan Xiaobing, Zheng Fujing, and Zhang Taotao—and Zheng’s drug trafficking organizations as significant foreign narcotics traffickers pursuant to the act. All are accused of fentanyl trafficking. The U.S. government has also teamed up with Chinese officials to jointly investigate fentanyl traffickers. In November 2019, a joint U.S.-China investigation resulted in a Chinese court sentencing nine defendants for trafficking fentanyl to the United States. The investigation originated with a 2017 tip from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Intelligence sharing may have helped curb fentanyl flows. According to CBP in December 2020 testimony, the agency now “regularly shares targeting information” with China’s Ministry of Public Security and the General Administration of China Customs. In addition, pursuant to a bilateral agreement, China’s postal service, China Post, provides USPS with advanced electronic data (AED) on parcels mailed to the United States. The data help CBP target highrisk shipments for inspection. In testimony at the same December 2020 hearing, USPS stated that China Post was “nearly fully achieving the prescribed level of AED.” USPS described that as “a major accomplishment, and likely due to cooperative efforts over the course of several years.” Some U.S. objectives with respect to China remain unmet. China has not taken action to control additional fentanyl precursors, following China’s listing of two fentanyl precursors, NPP and 4-ANPP, as controlled substances in February 2018. According to the 2020 INSCR, after China controlled NPP and 4-ANPP, “Chinese traffickers shifted to sending not yet controlled chemicals to Mexico (such as 4- AP).” In addition, China has not so far approved DEA requests to open offices in the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai, and Chinese nationals indicted in the United States on fentanyl trafficking charges remain at large. U.S. Foreign Policy Responses Targeting the foreign supply of U.S.-destined illicit drugs has long been a pillar of U.S. counternarcotics strategy. Foreign policy approaches to stemming the flow of illicit fentanyl into the United States have focused on bilateral engagement, including with China, and multilateral cooperation with the United Nations and other stakeholders on such goals as scheduling more fentanyl analogues and precursors for international drug control. Today’s synthetic opioid problem poses particular challenges for the current counternarcotics policy toolbox, including the rapid pace at which new designer analogues and precursor chemicals appear, as well as the emergence of newer trafficking networks and online marketing and payment methods. The 116th Congress saw multiple bills seeking to address fentanyl and opioid-related concerns in the context of public health, domestic border security, law enforcement, and postal service controls, as well as foreign policy. Incorporated into the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2020 (P.L. 116-92), the Fentanyl Sanctions Act enhanced the President’s ability to impose sanctions on synthetic opioids traffickers based in China and other foreign countries. The Temporary Reauthorization and Study of the Emergency Scheduling of Fentanyl Analogues Act (P.L. 116-114) requires the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to study and report on the impacts of class-wide scheduling of fentanyl-related substances, including the impact controls on China’s supply of fentanyl substances to the United States. Congressional Outlook As the 117th Congress considers policy options to address fentanyl flows from China, issues may include the effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on trafficking flows and bilateral cooperation; the effectiveness of the Fentanyl Sanctions Act; and whether additional foreign policy tools, including bilateral and multilateral information sharing, are needed to address emerging trends in synthetic opioid production and trafficking. Liana W. Rosen, Specialist in International Crime and
回复 56楼nj_guy的帖子 The INSCR cited CBP data showing seizures of fentanyl directly shipped from China dropped from over 116 kilograms in FY2017 to less than 200 grams in FY2019. In testimony at the same December 2020 hearing, USPS stated that China Post was “nearly fully achieving the prescribed level of AED.” USPS described that as “a major accomplishment, and likely due to cooperative efforts over the course of several years.” 看来中国政府帮了很大忙啊。自己还是不争气，不要怪别人喽。 Foreign policy approaches to stemming the flow of illicit fentanyl into the United States have focused on bilateral engagement, including with China, and multilateral cooperation with the United Nations and other stakeholders 不管是防疫，还是毒品，都需要世界范围内的合作而不是对抗。人类命运共同体，是地球人目前的最真实的描述。整天打台湾牌，不抗疫不缉毒，而在全世界地区比如所罗门群岛输出战乱纷争的政治野心家，是不是要自己好好反思了
回复 56楼nj_guy的帖子 The INSCR cited CBP data showing seizures of fentanyl directly shipped from China dropped from over 116 kilograms in FY2017 to less than 200 grams in FY2019. In testimony at the same December 2020 hearing, USPS stated that China Post was “nearly fully achieving the prescribed level of AED.” USPS described that as “a major accomplishment, and likely due to cooperative efforts over the course of several years.” 看来中国政府帮了很大忙啊。自己还是不争气，不要怪别人喽。 Foreign policy approaches to stemming the flow of illicit fentanyl into the United States have focused on bilateral engagement, including with China, and multilateral cooperation with the United Nations and other stakeholders 不管是防疫，还是毒品，都需要世界范围内的合作而不是对抗。人类命运共同体，是地球人目前的最真实的描述。整天打台湾牌，不抗疫不缉毒，而在全世界地区比如所罗门群岛输出战乱纷争的政治野心家，是不是要自己好好反思了 huawei6g 发表于 2021-11-27 15:31
Some U.S. objectives with respect to China remain unmet. China has not taken action to control additional fentanyl precursors, following China’s listing of two fentanyl precursors, NPP and 4-ANPP, as controlled substances in February 2018. According to the 2020 INSCR, after China controlled NPP and 4-ANPP, “Chinese traffickers shifted to sending not yet controlled chemicals to Mexico (such as 4- AP).” In addition, China has not so far approved DEA requests to open offices in the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai, and Chinese nationals indicted in the United States on fentanyl trafficking charges remain at large.
Some U.S. objectives with respect to China remain unmet. China has not taken action to control additional fentanyl precursors, following China’s listing of two fentanyl precursors, NPP and 4-ANPP, as controlled substances in February 2018. According to the 2020 INSCR, after China controlled NPP and 4-ANPP, “Chinese traffickers shifted to sending not yet controlled chemicals to Mexico (such as 4- AP).” In addition, China has not so far approved DEA requests to open offices in the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai, and Chinese nationals indicted in the United States on fentanyl trafficking charges remain at large. nj_guy 发表于 2021-11-27 16:30
这篇是Congressional Research Service的文章。（https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF10890.pdf）
Illicit Fentanyl and China’s Role Addressing illicit fentanyl in the context of the ongoing opioid crisis is both a domestic and foreign policy issue for the 117th Congress. According to U.S. estimates, synthetic opioids, including predominantly foreign-sourced fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds (analogues), killed more Americans in the past 12 months than any other type of opioid. In addressing the international dimensions of the problem, policymakers have faced challenges in stopping fentanyl, fentanyl-related substances, and emerging synthetic opioids from entering the United States. In recent years, counternarcotics attention has focused on reducing fentanyl flows from China. Background Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that has been used medically as a painkiller and an anesthetic since it was first synthesized in 1959. Due to fentanyl’s potential for abuse and addiction, the United Nations (U.N.) placed it under strict international control in 1964. In the United States, it is regulated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), pursuant to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, as amended (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.). In recent years, fentanyl and its analogues have emerged as a major international drug control problem. Overdose deaths from their abuse have continued to rise, and a growing number of fentanyl analogues appear marketed for nonmedical, often unregulated use. In September 2020, the International Narcotics Control Board reported the existence of 144 fentanyl-related substances with no currently known legitimate uses. The U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime estimates that laboratories could potentially synthesize thousands of other fentanyl analogues. As of December 2020, fentanyl and 26 fentanyl analogues are scheduled for international control pursuant to the U.N. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. In 2018, U.N. member states agreed to place two common chemicals used to produce fentanyl (fentanyl “precursor chemicals”) under international control: N-phenethyl-4- piperidone (NPP) and 4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidone (ANPP). Since then, traffickers have shifted to producing other fentanyl precursors, such as 4-AP, which have not been internationally regulated. Sources and Trafficking Pathways While not a new phenomenon, the illicit production and trafficking of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues in recent years have been associated with rising numbers of U.S. opioid-related overdose fatalities, as well as fatalities in Canada and Europe. Clandestine laboratories may engage in illicit production of fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and precursors. Otherwise legitimate companies may produce unregulated analogues and precursors. Also, legally manufactured fentanyl pharmaceutical products may be illicitly diverted through theft and fraudulent prescriptions. China has been a major source of U.S.-bound fentanyl and, more recently, precursors and production equipment (Figure 1). In January 2020, DEA assessed that although China remained the “primary source” of all fentanyl-related substances trafficked into the United States, other sources of fentanyl were emerging. Based on U.S. seizure data, fentanyl and fentanyl analogues were often mailed from China in parcel packages. These small (typically less than 1 kilogram in weight), high-purity (often testing above 90% purity) parcels would arrive in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, where they would be mixed with heroin (or other illicit drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine) or pressed into pills (some purporting to be name-brand pharmaceutical opioid preparations). In December 2020 testimony, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) reported two consecutive years of “dramatic” declines in the number of seizures of suspected fentanyl or synthetic opioids in inbound international mail. At the same hearing, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) noted that despite an “apparent shift in fentanyl production to other countries such as India and Mexico,” China remains a “major source country” for a variety of controlled substances and drug-related manufacturing equipment, including pill presses. Arrangements to procure fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and related precursors are typically conducted online. Producers advertise products on the clear web through public websites, social media accounts, and password-protected marketplaces. Further complicating law enforcement detection, traffickers often exploit features of the dark web and cryptocurrencies to procure and purchase fentanyl and fentanyl analogues anonymously. Figure 1. China-Sourced Fentanyl Trafficking Flows Source: DEA (2020). Addressing China’s Role To address the problem of illicit fentanyl from China, the U.S. government has pressed China to impose domestic controls on fentanyl analogues and precursors, indicted and Illicit Fentanyl and China’s Role https://crsreports.congress.gov sanctioned Chinese fentanyl manufacturers and distributors, and negotiated for more advance tracking information on packages from China. Even as the overall U.S.-China relationship has grown more contentious, those efforts and others appear to have yielded progress. In 2019, China imposed domestic controls on the entire fentanyl class of chemicals, including all known and all potential future variations of fentanyl. It said it did so, in part, “to respond to the U.S. side’s concern.” China first announced its intention to pursue class scheduling in December 2018, following a meeting between thenPresident Donald J. Trump and China’s President Xi Jinping on the sidelines of a G-20 meeting in Buenos Aires. On May 1, 2019, China added all fentanyl-related substances not already scheduled to its “Supplementary List of Controlled Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances with Non-Medical Use.” According to the State Department’s 2020 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INSCR), China’s class scheduling of fentanyl “led to pronounced shifts in fentanyl and fentanyl analogue flows to the United States.” The INSCR cited CBP data showing seizures of fentanyl directly shipped from China dropped from over 116 kilograms in FY2017 to less than 200 grams in FY2019. Justice and Treasury Departments efforts may have increased pressure on Chinese fentanyl traffickers. In October 2017, the Justice Department announced that it had designated two Chinese nationals, Yan Xiaobing and Zhang Jian, as Consolidated Priority Organization Targets (CPOTs), making them the first fentanyl manufacturers and distributors of any nationality to be so designated. The term refers to “‘command and control’ elements of the most prolific international drug trafficking and money laundering organizations.” In April 2018, the Treasury Department designated Zhang as a significant foreign narcotic trafficker pursuant to the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (P.L. 106-120), the first time the department designated an accused fentanyl trafficker of any nationality under the act. The Treasury Department later identified three more Chinese nationals—Yan Xiaobing, Zheng Fujing, and Zhang Taotao—and Zheng’s drug trafficking organizations as significant foreign narcotics traffickers pursuant to the act. All are accused of fentanyl trafficking. The U.S. government has also teamed up with Chinese officials to jointly investigate fentanyl traffickers. In November 2019, a joint U.S.-China investigation resulted in a Chinese court sentencing nine defendants for trafficking fentanyl to the United States. The investigation originated with a 2017 tip from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Intelligence sharing may have helped curb fentanyl flows. According to CBP in December 2020 testimony, the agency now “regularly shares targeting information” with China’s Ministry of Public Security and the General Administration of China Customs. In addition, pursuant to a bilateral agreement, China’s postal service, China Post, provides USPS with advanced electronic data (AED) on parcels mailed to the United States. The data help CBP target highrisk shipments for inspection. In testimony at the same December 2020 hearing, USPS stated that China Post was “nearly fully achieving the prescribed level of AED.” USPS described that as “a major accomplishment, and likely due to cooperative efforts over the course of several years.” Some U.S. objectives with respect to China remain unmet. China has not taken action to control additional fentanyl precursors, following China’s listing of two fentanyl precursors, NPP and 4-ANPP, as controlled substances in February 2018. According to the 2020 INSCR, after China controlled NPP and 4-ANPP, “Chinese traffickers shifted to sending not yet controlled chemicals to Mexico (such as 4- AP).” In addition, China has not so far approved DEA requests to open offices in the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai, and Chinese nationals indicted in the United States on fentanyl trafficking charges remain at large. U.S. Foreign Policy Responses Targeting the foreign supply of U.S.-destined illicit drugs has long been a pillar of U.S. counternarcotics strategy. Foreign policy approaches to stemming the flow of illicit fentanyl into the United States have focused on bilateral engagement, including with China, and multilateral cooperation with the United Nations and other stakeholders on such goals as scheduling more fentanyl analogues and precursors for international drug control. Today’s synthetic opioid problem poses particular challenges for the current counternarcotics policy toolbox, including the rapid pace at which new designer analogues and precursor chemicals appear, as well as the emergence of newer trafficking networks and online marketing and payment methods. The 116th Congress saw multiple bills seeking to address fentanyl and opioid-related concerns in the context of public health, domestic border security, law enforcement, and postal service controls, as well as foreign policy. Incorporated into the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2020 (P.L. 116-92), the Fentanyl Sanctions Act enhanced the President’s ability to impose sanctions on synthetic opioids traffickers based in China and other foreign countries. The Temporary Reauthorization and Study of the Emergency Scheduling of Fentanyl Analogues Act (P.L. 116-114) requires the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to study and report on the impacts of class-wide scheduling of fentanyl-related substances, including the impact controls on China’s supply of fentanyl substances to the United States. Congressional Outlook As the 117th Congress considers policy options to address fentanyl flows from China, issues may include the effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on trafficking flows and bilateral cooperation; the effectiveness of the Fentanyl Sanctions Act; and whether additional foreign policy tools, including bilateral and multilateral information sharing, are needed to address emerging trends in synthetic opioid production and trafficking. Liana W. Rosen, Specialist in International Crime and nj_guy 发表于 2021-11-27 15:07
楼主看看下面这份CBP的文件，里面多次提到中国。（https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/CBP-Opioid-Strategy-508.pdf） 第6页： “First, since the 1990s, there has been a dramatic rise in opioid pain medication prescriptions. Second, heroin from Mexico has flooded the country. Third, the illicit manufacture and illegal importation of fentanyl -- an extremely deadly synthetic opioid -- and its analogues and related compounds have proliferated. Fentanyl is currently manufactured almost exclusively in China, and it is either shipped into the United States or smuggled across the southern border by drug traffickers. Between 2013 and 2016, the amount of fentanyl seized by Customs and Border Protection at the border increased more than 200 times over. Dealers are increasingly lacing fentanyl into other drugs and pressing it into counterfeit opioid pills. Because fentanyl is lethal in even miniscule doses, this is an extremely deadly tactic, as it too often causes users to ingest a fatal amount unknowingly.” 第7页： A majority of the illicit fentanyl in the United States is manufactured in clandestine labs in China and possesses strong opioid properties that make it an attractive drug of abuse. Further underscoring this particular drug threat, the Centers for Disease Control reports that there was a 73 percent increase in deaths involving such synthetic opioids from 5,544 in 2014 to 9,580 in 2015. The actual number of fentanyl – or fentanyl analogue-related deaths likely is higher as these deaths may have been incorrectly attributed to other causes. 第10页： While much attention is being paid to transit countries such as Mexico and source countries such as China, incumbent in this goal is to prioritize source and transit countries and to increase collaboration and operational efforts to thwart the production and distribution of fentanyl. 第10页-第11页： While Mexico serves as a primary route for fentanyl to enter the U.S., the purity level of fentanyl entering from the southwest border is approximately 7% pure. By contrast, fentanyl arriving from China via express consignment and international mail facilities is nearly 90% pure thus more lethal. CBP, in partnership with our federal partners, has been engaging Chinese counterparts to engage in efforts to disrupt the supply of fentanyl and other synthetic opioids that are flooding into this country from China. CBP was one of the supporting agencies in DOJ’s federal indictment of two Chinese nationals and their North American based traffickers and distributors for separate conspiracies to distribute large quantities of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues and other opiate 12 DRAFT National Drug Control Strategy, 27 October 2017, page 42 Page|10 CBP Strategy to Combat Opioids substances in the United States.13 By collaborating with CBP’s foreign partners, including the Chinese government and other federal entities, CBP will exchange information about illicit opioid global supply networks in an effort to garner more indictments and other enforcement actions. nj_guy 发表于 2021-11-27 14:16
美国海关：美国在2018年10月到2019年3月共缴获了536.8公斤芬太尼中，只有5.87公斤来自中国，比例仅略高于1%。
据国际麻醉品管制局统计，美国是全世界最大的芬太尼类药品的生产国和消费国。 2018年，美国向联合国申请的芬太尼类物质的生产配额达到了1.19吨，而同期中国的生产量只有50公斤左右 。
🔥 最新回帖
中国可以生产原料，中间体，合成最终产品，这些都是合法行为，即便是有人走私出口，中国可以没有大范围吸毒问题，而美国却有，美国太应该学习中国的严控措施了，这些都是美国自己的问题。美国政府官员为了讨好选民，已经没有底线了，犯罪行为不断洗白，越来越显示过分自由的恶心一面！
希望华人开发一个edit alias新功能，可以在给不同id做上记号
还可以另开一个帖子专门记录经常脑残发言的ID, 这种看到也要绕着走
🛋️ 沙发板凳
赞有理有据的反驳！ 个人感觉2020年之后注册的发帖又很多的id基本上都是专业人士😅😅
看了一下那个ID是2021年9月份的，果然是轮子的马甲
因为是事实，中国还是很多别的药品的最大生产国，但是合法生产合法出口到了美国缺乏监管被滥用，怪不上中国吧？
注意逻辑。
造谣只需要一张嘴
全世界百分之80的药的原料是中国产的，你要你做药,就可以说是中国造的。和中国制造差不多，因为中国规模大，效率高，不过现在美国的芬太尼大多不来自中国，中国2019年修好了法律，往美国寄芬太尼和在中国贩毒同罪
很难不怀疑是故意的，都知道版上骂中国才是政治正确
True.
https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/DEA_GOV_DIR-008-20%20Fentanyl%20Flow%20in%20the%20United%20States_0.pdf
DEA的公开报告，Fentanyl Flow to the United States
DEA挺客观的呀，说了中国2019年开始加强管控了
Effective May 1, 2019, China officially controlled all forms of fentanyl as a class of drugs. This fulfilled the commitment that President Xi made during the G-20 Summit. The implementation of the new measure includes investigations of known fentanyl manufacturing areas, stricter control of internet sites advertising fentanyl, stricter enforcement of shipping regulations, and the creation of special teams to investigate leads on fentanyl trafficking. These new restrictions have the potential to severely limit fentanyl production and trafficking from China. This could alter China’s position as a supplier to both the United States and Mexico.
在那之前一些不良分子把东西寄给墨西哥，再运往美国，有啥不可能的？直接邮寄美国风险太大了。 但这个完全是没有良心的资本家所为，不要跟中国政府扯上关系！中国政府监管之后应该就会好不少了。
--你们看看我这个总结发言大家满意么
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10890
At the same hearing, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) noted that despite an “apparent shift in fentanyl production to other countries such as India and Mexico,” China remains a “major source country” for a variety of controlled substances and drug-related manufacturing equipment, including pill presses.
不良分子哪里都有，中国国内抓住判刑，但是美国内部走私滥用墨西哥走私到美国这些事是不是也要交给中国来管？
中国本来就是最大的药品生产国，这是新闻吗？
赞一下楼主的求证求真的行为
墨西哥很大程度上只是中国芬太尼进入美国的一个中转点。墨西哥黑帮的供应链建设比较完善而已。
坏的都是墨西哥人。中国政府自然是一点关系都没有。最多和中国民间无良黑商有点关系。很多事情都是越抹越黑，最好就是全都屏蔽住不要提。
你是墨西哥黑帮？知道的这么清楚？今年卖了多少毒品？
https://www.npr.org/2020/11/17/916890880/we-are-shipping-to-the-u-s-china-s-fentanyl-sellers-find-new-routes-to-drug-user
well，没有读这个文章，但是这两年下来，我已经不相信左媒和右媒的任何报道了
就是这个意思，虽然我很看不惯ccp，但相信中国政府还不至于鼓励这么玩毒品， 本来这个就是前几年国内无良黑心商人搞事，不过2019年ccp加强管控，这个肯定会好不少了。
没必要给国内黑心商人洗地，他们也pay钱请人发帖么？
没错
台湾人？
墨西哥黑帮还是自己加工的。因为瘟疫的原因。他们居然还实现了多国原料渠道，为了赚钱，毒枭比政府上心多了
看了一下这个作者。又是新疆又是毒品，一个小记者居然有这么多重大发现。这是一个打着记者招牌的间谍吧 https://www.npr.org/people/705255512/emily-feng
有肯定有，但量完全不是一个等级了。 中国商家也知道保命的，顶多会同意发送到第三国
头像是你?
第6页： “First, since the 1990s, there has been a dramatic rise in opioid pain medication prescriptions. Second, heroin from Mexico has flooded the country. Third, the illicit manufacture and illegal importation of fentanyl -- an extremely deadly synthetic opioid -- and its analogues and related compounds have proliferated. Fentanyl is currently manufactured almost exclusively in China, and it is either shipped into the United States or smuggled across the southern border by drug traffickers. Between 2013 and 2016, the amount of fentanyl seized by Customs and Border Protection at the border increased more than 200 times over. Dealers are increasingly lacing fentanyl into other drugs and pressing it into counterfeit opioid pills. Because fentanyl is lethal in even miniscule doses, this is an extremely deadly tactic, as it too often causes users to ingest a fatal amount unknowingly.”
第7页： A majority of the illicit fentanyl in the United States is manufactured in clandestine labs in China and possesses strong opioid properties that make it an attractive drug of abuse. Further underscoring this particular drug threat, the Centers for Disease Control reports that there was a 73 percent increase in deaths involving such synthetic opioids from 5,544 in 2014 to 9,580 in 2015. The actual number of fentanyl – or fentanyl analogue-related deaths likely is higher as these deaths may have been incorrectly attributed to other causes.
第10页： While much attention is being paid to transit countries such as Mexico and source countries such as China, incumbent in this goal is to prioritize source and transit countries and to increase collaboration and operational efforts to thwart the production and distribution of fentanyl.
第10页-第11页： While Mexico serves as a primary route for fentanyl to enter the U.S., the purity level of fentanyl entering from the southwest border is approximately 7% pure. By contrast, fentanyl arriving from China via express consignment and international mail facilities is nearly 90% pure thus more lethal. CBP, in partnership with our federal partners, has been engaging Chinese counterparts to engage in efforts to disrupt the supply of fentanyl and other synthetic opioids that are flooding into this country from China. CBP was one of the supporting agencies in DOJ’s federal indictment of two Chinese nationals and their North American based traffickers and distributors for separate conspiracies to distribute large quantities of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues and other opiate 12 DRAFT National Drug Control Strategy, 27 October 2017, page 42 Page|10 CBP Strategy to Combat Opioids substances in the United States.13 By collaborating with CBP’s foreign partners, including the Chinese government and other federal entities, CBP will exchange information about illicit opioid global supply networks in an effort to garner more indictments and other enforcement actions.
弯弯绕。要是学中国50g海洛英就死刑,哪有这么多屁事儿。
你和轮子是一家么？讲真心话～
不太了解这些，但是学过化学的都知道吧，药品的原料一般都有多种用途，不是只能做芬太尼，所以对原料的管控和对成品的管控根本不是一回事。
上班族里吸毒的就不少，我以前公司就有，还有不少学生
轮子跟粉红都是我鄙视的， 但他们共同利益大于互相的分歧，稍微举几个例子：
(1)英文不好，信息来源基本都是垃圾中文媒介，不过一个是墙内一个是墙外。 (2)都尽其所能污蔑美国疫苗 (3)看到川卫兵攻打国会，都无比激动兴奋
墙裂建议轮子粉红合流，拧成一股绳，力量更大！
你的风格很适合他们。估计就是其中一员。
还有一条，就是自己先以摆证据的姿态出来，但是证据摆不过了会立刻开始搞意识形态诛心。这两类人，我一有机会都会怼。
LOL
你是公认的外宣
没错，之前河北抓到个走势芬太尼的小团伙，首领死刑，其他人无期，美国抓到这么多制毒贩毒的，有一个人死刑么？自己法律不严，怪别的国家生产原料药？
你想把轮子从独轮运里摘出来？那要问独轮运答应不答应了？独轮运一条裤子，是一个窝
隔壁有人说“美国走私芬太尼主要来自中国”， 能不能贴个原文？我好奇找了一下，没有找到。
哪里哪里，太抬举我了。我哪有那个资格。楼上huawei 才像，人家言之有物，不卑不亢。轮子啊美国粉红啊真不是一个水平，人家一个是孺将他们一个啥也不是的混混 lol
wow，你可真是够差劲的，楼主摆事实讲道理，你一来就人身攻击，抬头一看果然是眼熟的奇葩id
Illicit Fentanyl and China’s Role Addressing illicit fentanyl in the context of the ongoing opioid crisis is both a domestic and foreign policy issue for the 117th Congress. According to U.S. estimates, synthetic opioids, including predominantly foreign-sourced fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds (analogues), killed more Americans in the past 12 months than any other type of opioid. In addressing the international dimensions of the problem, policymakers have faced challenges in stopping fentanyl, fentanyl-related substances, and emerging synthetic opioids from entering the United States. In recent years, counternarcotics attention has focused on reducing fentanyl flows from China.
Background Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that has been used medically as a painkiller and an anesthetic since it was first synthesized in 1959. Due to fentanyl’s potential for abuse and addiction, the United Nations (U.N.) placed it under strict international control in 1964. In the United States, it is regulated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), pursuant to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, as amended (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.). In recent years, fentanyl and its analogues have emerged as a major international drug control problem. Overdose deaths from their abuse have continued to rise, and a growing number of fentanyl analogues appear marketed for nonmedical, often unregulated use. In September 2020, the International Narcotics Control Board reported the existence of 144 fentanyl-related substances with no currently known legitimate uses. The U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime estimates that laboratories could potentially synthesize thousands of other fentanyl analogues. As of December 2020, fentanyl and 26 fentanyl analogues are scheduled for international control pursuant to the U.N. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. In 2018, U.N. member states agreed to place two common chemicals used to produce fentanyl (fentanyl “precursor chemicals”) under international control: N-phenethyl-4- piperidone (NPP) and 4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidone (ANPP). Since then, traffickers have shifted to producing other fentanyl precursors, such as 4-AP, which have not been internationally regulated.
Sources and Trafficking Pathways While not a new phenomenon, the illicit production and trafficking of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues in recent years have been associated with rising numbers of U.S. opioid-related overdose fatalities, as well as fatalities in Canada and Europe. Clandestine laboratories may engage in illicit production of fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and precursors. Otherwise legitimate companies may produce unregulated analogues and precursors. Also, legally manufactured fentanyl pharmaceutical products may be illicitly diverted through theft and fraudulent prescriptions. China has been a major source of U.S.-bound fentanyl and, more recently, precursors and production equipment (Figure 1). In January 2020, DEA assessed that although China remained the “primary source” of all fentanyl-related substances trafficked into the United States, other sources of fentanyl were emerging. Based on U.S. seizure data, fentanyl and fentanyl analogues were often mailed from China in parcel packages. These small (typically less than 1 kilogram in weight), high-purity (often testing above 90% purity) parcels would arrive in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, where they would be mixed with heroin (or other illicit drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine) or pressed into pills (some purporting to be name-brand pharmaceutical opioid preparations). In December 2020 testimony, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) reported two consecutive years of “dramatic” declines in the number of seizures of suspected fentanyl or synthetic opioids in inbound international mail. At the same hearing, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) noted that despite an “apparent shift in fentanyl production to other countries such as India and Mexico,” China remains a “major source country” for a variety of controlled substances and drug-related manufacturing equipment, including pill presses. Arrangements to procure fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and related precursors are typically conducted online. Producers advertise products on the clear web through public websites, social media accounts, and password-protected marketplaces. Further complicating law enforcement detection, traffickers often exploit features of the dark web and cryptocurrencies to procure and purchase fentanyl and fentanyl analogues anonymously. Figure 1. China-Sourced Fentanyl Trafficking Flows Source: DEA (2020).
Addressing China’s Role To address the problem of illicit fentanyl from China, the U.S. government has pressed China to impose domestic controls on fentanyl analogues and precursors, indicted and Illicit Fentanyl and China’s Role https://crsreports.congress.gov sanctioned Chinese fentanyl manufacturers and distributors, and negotiated for more advance tracking information on packages from China. Even as the overall U.S.-China relationship has grown more contentious, those efforts and others appear to have yielded progress. In 2019, China imposed domestic controls on the entire fentanyl class of chemicals, including all known and all potential future variations of fentanyl. It said it did so, in part, “to respond to the U.S. side’s concern.” China first announced its intention to pursue class scheduling in December 2018, following a meeting between thenPresident Donald J. Trump and China’s President Xi Jinping on the sidelines of a G-20 meeting in Buenos Aires. On May 1, 2019, China added all fentanyl-related substances not already scheduled to its “Supplementary List of Controlled Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances with Non-Medical Use.” According to the State Department’s 2020 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INSCR), China’s class scheduling of fentanyl “led to pronounced shifts in fentanyl and fentanyl analogue flows to the United States.” The INSCR cited CBP data showing seizures of fentanyl directly shipped from China dropped from over 116 kilograms in FY2017 to less than 200 grams in FY2019. Justice and Treasury Departments efforts may have increased pressure on Chinese fentanyl traffickers. In October 2017, the Justice Department announced that it had designated two Chinese nationals, Yan Xiaobing and Zhang Jian, as Consolidated Priority Organization Targets (CPOTs), making them the first fentanyl manufacturers and distributors of any nationality to be so designated. The term refers to “‘command and control’ elements of the most prolific international drug trafficking and money laundering organizations.” In April 2018, the Treasury Department designated Zhang as a significant foreign narcotic trafficker pursuant to the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (P.L. 106-120), the first time the department designated an accused fentanyl trafficker of any nationality under the act. The Treasury Department later identified three more Chinese nationals—Yan Xiaobing, Zheng Fujing, and Zhang Taotao—and Zheng’s drug trafficking organizations as significant foreign narcotics traffickers pursuant to the act. All are accused of fentanyl trafficking. The U.S. government has also teamed up with Chinese officials to jointly investigate fentanyl traffickers. In November 2019, a joint U.S.-China investigation resulted in a Chinese court sentencing nine defendants for trafficking fentanyl to the United States. The investigation originated with a 2017 tip from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Intelligence sharing may have helped curb fentanyl flows. According to CBP in December 2020 testimony, the agency now “regularly shares targeting information” with China’s Ministry of Public Security and the General Administration of China Customs. In addition, pursuant to a bilateral agreement, China’s postal service, China Post, provides USPS with advanced electronic data (AED) on parcels mailed to the United States. The data help CBP target highrisk shipments for inspection. In testimony at the same December 2020 hearing, USPS stated that China Post was “nearly fully achieving the prescribed level of AED.” USPS described that as “a major accomplishment, and likely due to cooperative efforts over the course of several years.” Some U.S. objectives with respect to China remain unmet. China has not taken action to control additional fentanyl precursors, following China’s listing of two fentanyl precursors, NPP and 4-ANPP, as controlled substances in February 2018. According to the 2020 INSCR, after China controlled NPP and 4-ANPP, “Chinese traffickers shifted to sending not yet controlled chemicals to Mexico (such as 4- AP).” In addition, China has not so far approved DEA requests to open offices in the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai, and Chinese nationals indicted in the United States on fentanyl trafficking charges remain at large.
U.S. Foreign Policy Responses Targeting the foreign supply of U.S.-destined illicit drugs has long been a pillar of U.S. counternarcotics strategy. Foreign policy approaches to stemming the flow of illicit fentanyl into the United States have focused on bilateral engagement, including with China, and multilateral cooperation with the United Nations and other stakeholders on such goals as scheduling more fentanyl analogues and precursors for international drug control. Today’s synthetic opioid problem poses particular challenges for the current counternarcotics policy toolbox, including the rapid pace at which new designer analogues and precursor chemicals appear, as well as the emergence of newer trafficking networks and online marketing and payment methods. The 116th Congress saw multiple bills seeking to address fentanyl and opioid-related concerns in the context of public health, domestic border security, law enforcement, and postal service controls, as well as foreign policy. Incorporated into the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2020 (P.L. 116-92), the Fentanyl Sanctions Act enhanced the President’s ability to impose sanctions on synthetic opioids traffickers based in China and other foreign countries. The Temporary Reauthorization and Study of the Emergency Scheduling of Fentanyl Analogues Act (P.L. 116-114) requires the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to study and report on the impacts of class-wide scheduling of fentanyl-related substances, including the impact controls on China’s supply of fentanyl substances to the United States.
Congressional Outlook As the 117th Congress considers policy options to address fentanyl flows from China, issues may include the effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on trafficking flows and bilateral cooperation; the effectiveness of the Fentanyl Sanctions Act; and whether additional foreign policy tools, including bilateral and multilateral information sharing, are needed to address emerging trends in synthetic opioid production and trafficking. Liana W. Rosen, Specialist in International Crime and
就事论事，我是问楼主，因为其标题这样写，我想看看原文。
The INSCR cited CBP data showing seizures of fentanyl directly shipped from China dropped from over 116 kilograms in FY2017 to less than 200 grams in FY2019. In testimony at the same December 2020 hearing, USPS stated that China Post was “nearly fully achieving the prescribed level of AED.” USPS described that as “a major accomplishment, and likely due to cooperative efforts over the course of several years.” 看来中国政府帮了很大忙啊。自己还是不争气，不要怪别人喽。 Foreign policy approaches to stemming the flow of illicit fentanyl into the United States have focused on bilateral engagement, including with China, and multilateral cooperation with the United Nations and other stakeholders 不管是防疫，还是毒品，都需要世界范围内的合作而不是对抗。人类命运共同体，是地球人目前的最真实的描述。整天打台湾牌，不抗疫不缉毒，而在全世界地区比如所罗门群岛输出战乱纷争的政治野心家，是不是要自己好好反思了
那个ID可以直接屏蔽了，满嘴瞎话
自己家孩子往人家家里贩卖毒品，然后家长出来管管就叫帮了很大忙。美国公司卖武器给台湾，政府出来偶尔限制一下也算帮忙了。另外：
Some U.S. objectives with respect to China remain unmet. China has not taken action to control additional fentanyl precursors, following China’s listing of two fentanyl precursors, NPP and 4-ANPP, as controlled substances in February 2018. According to the 2020 INSCR, after China controlled NPP and 4-ANPP, “Chinese traffickers shifted to sending not yet controlled chemicals to Mexico (such as 4- AP).” In addition, China has not so far approved DEA requests to open offices in the Chinese cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai, and Chinese nationals indicted in the United States on fentanyl trafficking charges remain at large.
也许你没有看到我的提问，是哪个人造谣说美国的这些东西主要是中国走私来美国的？请贴原文。
既然你也认为美国公司卖武器给台湾，和中国某些毒贩卖毒品是一个性质，我完全同意你这个观点。如果中国有不良商家，参与了毒品产业链或者供应原材料，只要证据确实，不是冤枉好人，那么中国政府一定不会姑息。毒品泛滥，是对人类命运共同体的危险，中国从来对于打击毒品毒贩，绝不姑息，零容忍。
lol，轮子恐怕还请不动我。
倒是要提醒一下你们这些发帖除了扣帽子以外就没有干货的人，平时好好加强自身文化修养。现实生活中我遇到你们这种档次的人，多说一句话都嫌浪费时间。
又是新冠实验室制作，又是芬太尼倾销，轮子台娃的各种谣言，其实不能伤国内人的一根毫毛，倒霉的还不是咱们这些可以被随手报复的在美华人？
主要是同一批金主
吹牛吧？轮子连白宫都请的动，你比白宫还牛？再说，你哪次发帖不是扣帽子，干货呢？估计你的那些干货，和那个 https://twitter.com/EmilyZFeng?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Emily Feng 冯哲轩差不多，造谣都靠一张嘴
赞清醒！其实印度才是最大的原料药出口国，包括制作芬太尼的原料，甚至芬太尼成品也越来越多。你看印度人有到处说么？而且印度仿制药完全不care欧美专利保护的，真正的相仿就仿，为啥美国不管呢？
re
mark
给你这段话点赞！
大家来细品什么叫贼喊捉贼
huaren著名反中ID原来是自带干粮的。
哈哈哈，ta自己平时就是个发言没修养没素质的人，居然批判起别人来了，还要跟独运轮割席，真是太阳从西边出来了
自转轮。。。。
哈哈哈哈哈哈
一个图表言简意赅，不明白你cherry-picking中国都不否认的数据是啥目的？我不相信你自己google不到DEA芬太尼首页的数据，在这个混淆视听是啥目的， 国家队的？
https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/DEA_GOV_DIR-008-20%20Fentanyl%20Flow%20in%20the%20United%20States_0.pdf
前两年华人还除了点赞，还有踩👎🏼的功能，被踩多的回帖自动到不了前面。这些轮子在微信都有群的，约好了一起过来赞/踩，控评，把鲜花搞成他们的一言堂。
你懂最大生产地和最大走私贩的区别吗？
不好意思，我的很多发言太刻薄，让你们小心灵受伤了。。 你如果能指出我那次发言没素质，伤了你脆弱的心，我下次多加注意就是了。。
嗯，你们被我牵着鼻子自转不暇
家里蹲大妈你好，和你老公商量好啥时候回国了么
学点英文很难嘛？unregistered pill presses, stamps and dies, 你自己试试看看FBI抓不抓你，1/5/6都是偷运过来美加墨的
你懂最大生产地和最大走私贩的区别吗？
原来如此，难怪我找不到这个大陆走私的谣言。那个人说的是芬太尼基本上从中国来的，根本没有说是中国走私过来的。就像我们，包括你，都是从中国来的，但是这根本不等于我们都是偷渡过来的。我不相信你的中文会如此蹩脚。你为何要如此歪曲原作者，掀起一股莫名其妙的炮轰“独运轮”的高潮？芬太尼基本上从中国来这句话对不对，我不知道，但是芬太尼基本上从中国来 完全不等于芬太尼基本上从中国走私来。你应当向原作者道歉，你这样的恶意歪曲，而且就在本版的内容里，也是太放肆了。你这个加拿大人跑到我们美国的网站，请正派一点！最后要告诉你等，不要学大陆那套“地富反坏右”的套帽，有事说事，一对一辩论。这种帽子在美国，大家不吃这一套。
那个“蓝蟹”早被我拉黑了，借你的回复提醒一下，凡是反中和反共混为一谈的，都是别有用心的。
你们接着聊。
以前看报道是：原料（中国）---加工（墨西哥）---销售（美国）
现在墨西哥也可以生产了，设备还是美国产的。主要是有能管控生产得人，应该是有从中国找了些老师傅吧
你的逻辑好奇怪，如果讨论的不是走私的而是正规途径生产的，那美国自己才是最大的生产国啊，占全球5%的美国人口每年消耗掉全球80%阿片类药物，滥用止疼药物惊人。 据国际麻醉品管制局统计，美国是全世界最大的芬太尼类药品的生产国和消费国。 2018年，美国向联合国申请的芬太尼类物质的生产配额达到了1.19吨，而同期中国的生产量只有50公斤左右 。
你太好笑了，李红知某人与我的关系，跟与你的关系，不多不少，毫无纠葛。你给我带个帽子，我当然不吃这一套。不过我假设你是个正常人，戴这个帽子总有点理由？你如果不是正常人，就不为难你了。
意见有分歧是正常的，好好讨论，别扣帽子。
你连名字都要避讳，李洪志吃屎，你是怕不能转法轮吧
而且轮子一旦发完贴就会在轮子群里找人来顶贴和点赞来带风向。搞得好像版上多认同轮子似的。