“Epithelial cells in the nose and throat produce the substance hypochlorous acid (HOCL). The amount of production is dependent on high levels of chloride. ... provides the necessary chloride to generate concentrations of HCOL to kill viruses enough to mitigate symptoms and the spread to others.”
“Recent evidence indicates there is significant replication of COVID-19 in the nose and throat during the first five days of symptoms.” 基本上说的是：“鼻喉的上皮细胞会因氯化物的存在而产生次氯酸 ，次氯酸能杀死一些病毒。” “新冠病毒前五天会在鼻喉大量繁殖。”
>> 这是病毒，盐水是没有任何用处的。 这个不见得。上面没有说盐水本身对病毒有作用，而是上皮细胞和盐水产生的次氯酸对病毒有作用。 文中链接的研究文章是： https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6355924/ 其中有一段专门讲这个： Inhibition of viral replication in the presence of chloride/halide salts was reported in the 1960’s14. We have recently reported laboratory evidence that non-myeloid cells (e.g. epithelial, fibroblast and hepatic cells) have an innate immune mechanism, which is augmented in the presence of salt (NaCl)15. In cell culture models, DNA, RNA, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses are all inhibited in the presence of NaCl15. The antiviral effect is dependent on the availability of chloride ions (and not sodium ions)15. In the presence viral infection and the availability of NaCl, cells utilise the chloride ions to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl)15. Since HOCl is the active ingredient in bleach, which is known to have an antiviral effect, the mechanism could be augmented by supplying chloride ions through NaCl to treat infections. Here, we report the results of the Edinburgh and Lothians Viral Intervention Study (ELVIS), a pilot RCT of hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling (HSNIG) versus standard care in adults with URTI to determine if we can recruit and retain participants in Edinburgh and to get initial information on acceptability, duration of symptoms, and viral shedding. 其中依实验结果说viral shedding有减少，病毒感染而导致的病程（不是COVID-19 ）缩短，传染给家人的可能性降低： Our pilot RCT confirms that it’s possible to recruit and retain participants for a full trial of HSNIG with 3% HS. HSNIG reduced the duration of illness (22%), OTCM use (36%) and illness in household members (35%). When individuals infected with similar viruses (rhinovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus and influenza virus) were compared, 30% more individuals had reduction in viral shedding by ≥0.5 log10 per day in the intervention arm. This could explain both the reduction in the duration of illness and transmission to household contacts in the intervention arm. However, though the difference between the baseline and end-point samples was larger in the intervention arm than the control arm, the difference was not significant (although this study was not powered to detect differences in these measures). In participants who stopped HSNIG before day four, 54% (7/13) had an increase in viral shedding. There was also an increase/stabilisation of symptoms in 50% (8/16) before symptoms resolved. In fact, four individuals felt the need to restart HSNIG for one or more days (Fig. 4). These finding along with the lower rate of symptomatic household contacts in the intervention arm suggest that HSNIG helps reduce viral replication. Since viruses are shed during breathing and speaking7, measure that helps reduce viral shedding would help reduce transmission. >> 洗这个动作本身还会把在鼻子周围的病毒（如果有的话）带入鼻腔，导致感染。 于我来说，用盐水洗鼻子是很多年前一个耳鼻喉科诊所的医生推荐给我的。我个人的经验是它降低了鼻喉感染的时间和不适，而且在鼻喉没有感染的时候使用（比如说预防）从来没有导致过感染。
Homemade saline solution that could help abate COVID-19
https://baledoneen.com/blog/homemade-saline-solution-that-could-help-abate-covid-19/
其中有这些描述：
“Epithelial cells in the nose and throat produce the substance hypochlorous acid (HOCL). The amount of production is dependent on high levels of chloride. ... provides the necessary chloride to generate concentrations of HCOL to kill viruses enough to mitigate symptoms and the spread to others.”
“Recent evidence indicates there is significant replication of COVID-19 in the nose and throat during the first five days of symptoms.”
基本上说的是：“鼻喉的上皮细胞会因氯化物的存在而产生次氯酸 ，次氯酸能杀死一些病毒。” “新冠病毒前五天会在鼻喉大量繁殖。”
如果觉得有用，具体制作和操作可以参照文章里链接的视频和网上搜索，或参考我原来写的一篇：
“用盐水洗鼻来对付鼻窦炎、感冒、和花粉过敏”
https://www.mitbbs.com/article_t/Pingpong/31490363.html
其中的一小汤匙是指1 teaspoon.
如果能够忍受，最好不要加小苏打，因为它可以中和次氯酸，从而减少对病毒的作用。小苏打本身只是起个缓冲的作用，让鼻子好受些。
一般的配制比例：1:2-3: 1 liter 水，2-3 teaspoon 盐。水：烧开后冷却了的水或蒸溜水(distilled water), 盐: Sea salt 或者 Kosher salt.
注：
● 我认为这还有一个作用是有些在鼻喉的病毒或许会被冲出来。
● 很明显这个不可能作为COVID-19中晚期的治疗手段，甚至连“之一”都谈不上。这个只能作为一种预防手段或是早期的减轻症状手段之一。
● 网上也有文章说这个没用，所以应该是仁者见仁，智者见智。
● 我不是学生医的，所以大家自己决定这个有没有道理。比如说文中所连接的研究文章中提到的Coronavirus是HCoV-229E，而不是SARS-CoV-2.
● 我觉得如果有一个方法或许会让身上的病毒少些，做总比不做好。比如从外面回来除了洗手、换衣服、洗澡，外加一个手段会更好。
● 如果真的病毒少一些，剩下的病毒有些人的免疫系统说不定会更容易扛过去一些。
● 网上看到有人可察觉的症状直接从肺部开始，也许这对那些情况没用，也许洗鼻漱口要从没症状开始，或者从怀疑有病毒接触时开始。
● 网上看到有从眼睛传染的途径，这对那种情况就没有什么作用了。
● 我不指望这会让我一直不得COVID-19.
冲到里面是哪里？是顺着鼻子鼻腔进入喉部吞进去，到了胃就胃酸把它搞定了。
不是把病毒逼到支气管然后肺里去。 如果尝试过喷鼻，你就不会说冲到里面去了。不信你试试看。
这是病毒，盐水是没有任何用处的。
洗这个动作本身还会把在鼻子周围的病毒（如果有的话）带入鼻腔，导致感染。
>> 这是病毒，盐水是没有任何用处的。
这个不见得。上面没有说盐水本身对病毒有作用，而是上皮细胞和盐水产生的次氯酸对病毒有作用。 文中链接的研究文章是：
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6355924/
其中有一段专门讲这个：
Inhibition of viral replication in the presence of chloride/halide salts was reported in the 1960’s14. We have recently reported laboratory evidence that non-myeloid cells (e.g. epithelial, fibroblast and hepatic cells) have an innate immune mechanism, which is augmented in the presence of salt (NaCl)15. In cell culture models, DNA, RNA, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses are all inhibited in the presence of NaCl15. The antiviral effect is dependent on the availability of chloride ions (and not sodium ions)15. In the presence viral infection and the availability of NaCl, cells utilise the chloride ions to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl)15. Since HOCl is the active ingredient in bleach, which is known to have an antiviral effect, the mechanism could be augmented by supplying chloride ions through NaCl to treat infections. Here, we report the results of the Edinburgh and Lothians Viral Intervention Study (ELVIS), a pilot RCT of hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling (HSNIG) versus standard care in adults with URTI to determine if we can recruit and retain participants in Edinburgh and to get initial information on acceptability, duration of symptoms, and viral shedding.
其中依实验结果说viral shedding有减少，病毒感染而导致的病程（不是COVID-19 ）缩短，传染给家人的可能性降低：
Our pilot RCT confirms that it’s possible to recruit and retain participants for a full trial of HSNIG with 3% HS. HSNIG reduced the duration of illness (22%), OTCM use (36%) and illness in household members (35%). When individuals infected with similar viruses (rhinovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus and influenza virus) were compared, 30% more individuals had reduction in viral shedding by ≥0.5 log10 per day in the intervention arm. This could explain both the reduction in the duration of illness and transmission to household contacts in the intervention arm. However, though the difference between the baseline and end-point samples was larger in the intervention arm than the control arm, the difference was not significant (although this study was not powered to detect differences in these measures). In participants who stopped HSNIG before day four, 54% (7/13) had an increase in viral shedding. There was also an increase/stabilisation of symptoms in 50% (8/16) before symptoms resolved. In fact, four individuals felt the need to restart HSNIG for one or more days (Fig. 4). These finding along with the lower rate of symptomatic household contacts in the intervention arm suggest that HSNIG helps reduce viral replication. Since viruses are shed during breathing and speaking7, measure that helps reduce viral shedding would help reduce transmission.
>> 洗这个动作本身还会把在鼻子周围的病毒（如果有的话）带入鼻腔，导致感染。
于我来说，用盐水洗鼻子是很多年前一个耳鼻喉科诊所的医生推荐给我的。我个人的经验是它降低了鼻喉感染的时间和不适，而且在鼻喉没有感染的时候使用（比如说预防）从来没有导致过感染。
只能從鼻子帶入鼻腔，不能從鼻腔帶入鼻子，然後帶出來嗎？
这个就不知道了。也许每个人的敏感度不一样。大人可以试试减少盐的量和用温水来洗。如果目的不是杀死病毒（比如说过敏或是觉得能冲出一些病毒也行），可以加一点小苏打试试。
盐水多次漱口刺激淋巴，是有助于吐痰和排除一些mucus.
用这个办法呕吐会有点厉害。
如果吃到肚子里胃酸就能杀死病毒那大家为什么害怕食物被病毒污染呢，反正都是进胃里
确实有的病毒并不能被胃酸杀死。不过我的看法是如果做得好，水汽进入肺或盐水进入胃的可能性不大，或者说即使有进入，这和平时自然呼吸或者吞咽喝水的动作比起来并没有增加更多的风险，除非平时不呼吸或吞咽喝水。
一般病毒不会从胃传染，肠道病是细菌，细菌有许多耐酸的，黄石公园强腐蚀性酸液里各种颜色就是细菌。