The origin of the ores or metals use for Shang and other early chinese bronze is a current (2018) topic of research. As with other early civilisations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus) the Shang period development was centered on river valleys, and driven in part by the introduction of intensive agriculture - in China such areas lacked ore deposits and required the import of metallurgical material. Typical Shang period bronzes contain over 2% lead, unlike contemporary coppers of the Eurasian Steppe. Analysis of the ore/metals origins has been based on lead content and trace isotope analysis.[7] In the case of Shang period bronzes, various sites, from early to late Shang period, numerous samples of the bronze alloy are characterized by high radiogenic Lead isotope content (derived from both uranium and thorium decay), unlike most known native Chinese lead ores. Potential speculative sources of the ore include Qinling, middle to lower Yangtze area, and south-west china; the possibility that ore or metal was imported from Africa in this period has been proposed, based on potential isotopic matches, but challenged and rejected by other researchers. Pre-Shang (Erlitou culture) bronzes do not contain the radiogenic lead isotopes.[7]
这里是否每个人都知道中国与阿富汗是邻国？
在阿富汗的东南方擁有金矿、银矿、铜矿、锌矿以及铁矿等的自然资源，亦擁有珍贵的宝石礦脈，诸如东北部的青金石、祖母绿和青蓝矿。
两河流域文明时，阿富汗在遥远的东方是蛮荒之地。但是矿产丰富，吸引了一批采矿者。当时阿富汗还有少量的锡矿，采矿者无意中发现与锡矿混合的铜矿冶炼出来的铜比坚硬许多。青铜因此发明。因为阿富汗与中国相连是古丝路中国与西方文明接触的主要来源。西游记说的丝路也就是这条路。好莱坞电影法櫃奇兵其中一段场景就是在阿富汗的这段古丝路。
因为开发的早阿富汗的锡矿已经没有了。
几千年前， 没有国界， 没有那么多或那么少国家。
塞伊玛-图尔宾诺现象是指在从芬兰到蒙古的欧亚大陆北部发现的一类遗存，可追溯到公元前2100年到公元前1900年[1]，它们有一个共同的文化渊源、先进的金属加工技术以及无法解释的快速迁徙能力。
http://李学勤. 《青铜器与古代史》. 聯經出版社. 2005（再版）. ISBN 9789570822564
http://Christian, David. A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia. 1998. ISBN 0-631-20814-3
The origin of the ores or metals use for Shang and other early chinese bronze is a current (2018) topic of research. As with other early civilisations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus) the Shang period development was centered on river valleys, and driven in part by the introduction of intensive agriculture - in China such areas lacked ore deposits and required the import of metallurgical material. Typical Shang period bronzes contain over 2% lead, unlike contemporary coppers of the Eurasian Steppe. Analysis of the ore/metals origins has been based on lead content and trace isotope analysis.[7] In the case of Shang period bronzes, various sites, from early to late Shang period, numerous samples of the bronze alloy are characterized by high radiogenic Lead isotope content (derived from both uranium and thorium decay), unlike most known native Chinese lead ores. Potential speculative sources of the ore include Qinling, middle to lower Yangtze area, and south-west china; the possibility that ore or metal was imported from Africa in this period has been proposed, based on potential isotopic matches, but challenged and rejected by other researchers. Pre-Shang (Erlitou culture) bronzes do not contain the radiogenic lead isotopes.[7]
too far away, from Africa, even the middle East.
the ores of copper, tin, lead, zinc, were from surroungding states, by war victory, in a diameter of 1200km around Yin.
的地盘。
就像西伯利亚这块地方，原本是天朝的疆土，后来被俄罗斯夺去。而俄罗斯最早，不过是围绕莫斯科一带的俄罗斯大公国，小得很。
瓦罕走廊是十九世纪英俄战争划界产生，以前并非有归属。
1963年由周恩来陈毅和阿富汗签下边界协议，才有了瓦罕走廊。但台湾的国民政府并不同意。
这条瓦罕走廊在中美合作对抗前苏联的阿富汗战争中，起了很大作用。美国人出钱，买下中国的武器和驴骡，从瓦罕走廊运输大量军火器材进入阿富汗，送给本拉登他们对付苏军。
但是阿富汗当地的人民有历史以来就利用瓦罕走廊与新疆交流是研究历史必须了解的。
也可以说西方文明最早的时候是通过瓦罕走廊传到中国的。