蛙蛙网军 十八大核心技术 (1) Presenting Irrelevant Data Also called Red Herring. Introducing irrelevant informationor issues to an argument. (2) Misrepresentation of Someone’s Position (Straw Man)Substituting one’sopinion with a distorted version ratherthan the original one. (3) Whataboutism Defaming the opponents with hypocrisy. (4) Oversimplification Overly generalizing information or the complexity ofthecertain issues to favor a party. (5) Obfuscation, intentional vagueness, confusion Purposefully being vague with the intention for the audienceto develop false recognition toward the subject. (6) Appeal to authority Supporting the opinion or clam unconditionally as long as itcomes from the government or an expert. (7) Black-and-white Fallacy Presenting only two opposite possibilities, onefavoring acertain party and one presented by the opponent. (8) Stereotyping, name-calling, labelingLabeling the target with the intention of arousing prejudicesor making an association with stereotypes. (9) Loaded Language Using emotional words to influence audience opinions. (10) Exaggeration or Minimisation Overly amplifying or reducing the importance of something. (11) Flag-waving Justifying or presenting as a nation or group or idea. Inour case, we also consider Flag-waving when one person ispresented as their opinion represents the entire nation orgroup. (12) Doubt Questioning or steering uncertainty or trust toward some-thing, an entity, or a group. (13) Appeal to fear or prejudice Spreading a sense of anxiety, fear, or panic toward the audi-ence or entity. (14) Slogans A brief sentence that includes labeling, stereotyping or cer- tain cognitive belief. (15) Thought-terminating cliché Using simple and generic sentences to discourage detail indiscussions. (16) Bandwagon Persuading the audience to align with the bigger crowd whoappear to have an advantage or better situation, or implyinga certain entity will lose or have a worse situation. (17) Guilt by association or Reductio ad Hitlerum Associating an opponent or target with the usually dislikedobject or group. (18) Repetition Repeating the same message or idea several times
谣言：是与事实不符的言论。无论说的人是有意或者无意。
传谣：是传播谣言的行为。这是一个行为。传谣的人是可能有意，也可能无意。
造谣/说谎：意指传播与自己认知不符的言论。这是一个行为，也反映一个人的品行。
造谣/说谎的言论内容是否符合事实，其实并不是判断的最主要因素。比如，有一个人S在一个凶杀案后，公开指控某人A是凶手。结果他在私下场合，对人讲，其实他认为凶
手是另外一个人B。所以指控A，是为了转移视线。而调查的结果发现确实是A杀的人。
这个S还是说谎了。而在事实被发现之前，他也是造谣。
所以，指控一个人造谣/说谎的依据是，他/她说的与他/她自己真实想法观点矛盾。
由于很难判定一个人的真实想法观点，我们最多的是依据一个人的说法是不可能的（比如说自己是目击证人，他却没有可能在现场），一个人言行的矛盾，等等。比如前面例子中，那个S在公开和私下场合的不同说法，表明他在说谎陷害。
飞来飞去的肉块现象
还有辩论和狡辩的区别，有人知道吗？
【 在 taih () 的大作中提到: 】
: 谣言：是与事实不符的言论。无论说的人是有意或者无意。
: 传谣：是传播谣言的行为。这是一个行为。传谣的人是可能有意，也可能无意。
: 造谣/说谎：意指传播与自己认知不符的言论。这是一个行为，也反映一个人的品行。
: 造谣/说谎的言论内容是否符合事实，其实并不是判断的最主要因素。比如，有一个
人S
: 在一个凶杀案后，公开指控某人A是凶手。结果他在私下场合，对人讲，其实他认为凶
: 手是另外一个人B。所以指控A，是为了转移视线。而调查的结果发现确实是A杀的人。
: 这个S还是说谎了。而在事实被发现之前，他也是造谣。
: 所以，指控一个人造谣/说谎的依据是，他/她说的与他/她自己真实想法观点矛盾。
: 由于很难判定一个人的真实想法观点，我们最多的是依据一个人的说法是不可能的（比
: 如说自己是目击证人，他却没有可能在现场），一个人言行的矛盾，等等。比如前面例
: ...................
不是所有百姓都有判断新闻真假的的能力，所以当不能判断时，传谣无罪
【 在 taih () 的大作中提到: 】
: 谣言：是与事实不符的言论。无论说的人是有意或者无意。
: 传谣：是传播谣言的行为。这是一个行为。传谣的人是可能有意，也可能无意。
: 造谣/说谎：意指传播与自己认知不符的言论。这是一个行为，也反映一个人的品行。
: 造谣/说谎的言论内容是否符合事实，其实并不是判断的最主要因素。比如，有一个
人S
: 在一个凶杀案后，公开指控某人A是凶手。结果他在私下场合，对人讲，其实他认为凶
: 手是另外一个人B。所以指控A，是为了转移视线。而调查的结果发现确实是A杀的人。
: 这个S还是说谎了。而在事实被发现之前，他也是造谣。
: 所以，指控一个人造谣/说谎的依据是，他/她说的与他/她自己真实想法观点矛盾。
: 由于很难判定一个人的真实想法观点，我们最多的是依据一个人的说法是不可能的（比
: 如说自己是目击证人，他却没有可能在现场），一个人言行的矛盾，等等。比如前面例
: ...................
蛙蛙网军 的1450核心技术:
Dataset of Propaganda Techniques of the State-SponsoredInformation Operationof the People’s Republic of China
Rong-Ching [email protected]
Tunghai UniversityTaiwan
Chun-Ming [email protected]
Tunghai UniversityTaiwan
Kai-Lai [email protected]
Tunghai UniversityTaiwan
Chu-Hsing [email protected]
Tunghai UniversityTaiwan
蛙蛙网军 十八大核心技术
(1) Presenting Irrelevant Data Also called Red Herring. Introducing
irrelevant informationor issues to an argument.
(2) Misrepresentation of Someone’s Position (Straw Man)Substituting one’sopinion with a distorted version ratherthan the original one.
(3) Whataboutism Defaming the opponents with hypocrisy.
(4) Oversimplification Overly generalizing information or the complexity ofthecertain issues to favor a party.
(5) Obfuscation, intentional vagueness, confusion Purposefully being vague
with the intention for the audienceto develop false recognition toward the
subject.
(6) Appeal to authority Supporting the opinion or clam unconditionally as
long as itcomes from the government or an expert.
(7) Black-and-white Fallacy Presenting only two opposite possibilities, onefavoring acertain party and one presented by the opponent.
(8) Stereotyping, name-calling, labelingLabeling the target with the
intention of arousing prejudicesor making an association with stereotypes.
(9) Loaded Language Using emotional words to influence audience opinions.
(10) Exaggeration or Minimisation Overly amplifying or reducing the
importance of something.
(11) Flag-waving Justifying or presenting as a nation or group or idea.
Inour case, we also consider Flag-waving when one person ispresented as
their opinion represents the entire nation orgroup.
(12) Doubt Questioning or steering uncertainty or trust toward some-thing,
an entity, or a group.
(13) Appeal to fear or prejudice Spreading a sense of anxiety, fear, or
panic toward the audi-ence or entity.
(14) Slogans A brief sentence that includes labeling, stereotyping or cer-
tain cognitive belief.
(15) Thought-terminating cliché Using simple and generic sentences to
discourage detail indiscussions.
(16) Bandwagon Persuading the audience to align with the bigger crowd
whoappear to have an advantage or better situation, or implyinga certain
entity will lose or have a worse situation.
(17) Guilt by association or Reductio ad Hitlerum Associating an opponent
or target with the usually dislikedobject or group.
(18) Repetition Repeating the same message or idea several times
谣言是指广泛传播未经官方证实的说法，本身可真可假。
49年之前，我党的宣传都是谣言？
【 在 SLE (嗯，就这样定了。) 的大作中提到: 】
: 谣言是指广泛传播未经官方证实的说法，本身可真可假。
一个不被信任的官方证明会被采信吗？
【 在 SLE (嗯，就这样定了。) 的大作中提到: 】
: 谣言是指广泛传播未经官方证实的说法，本身可真可假。
相信拿枪的人说的都是真理，这就是五毛说你造谣传谣的依据。
【 在 noid (士无名) 的大作中提到: 】
: 一个不被信任的官方证明会被采信吗？
枪杆子里面出政权，也出真理！
【 在 JSIS (专和小人作对) 的大作中提到: 】
: 相信拿枪的人说的都是真理，这就是五毛说你造谣传谣的依据。