Two-thirds of American samples were type A - but infected patients mostly came from the West Coast, and not New York 【 在 I23 (嘿嘿) 的大作中提到: 】 : 意大利的C是怎么传出美国的A？ : : 从武汉到意大利有一次变异。从意大利到美国是原封不动。 : : separate :
Analysis of the strains showed type A - the original virus that jumped to humans from bats via pangolins - was not China's most common. Instead, the pandemic's ground-zero was mainly hit by type B, which was in circulation as far back as Christmas Eve.
【 在 beijingren3 () 的大作中提到: 】 : 美国的病毒圣诞节就有了 : Analysis of the strains showed type A - the original virus that jumped to : humans from bats via pangolins - was not China's most common. Instead, the : pandemic's ground-zero was mainly hit by type B, which was in circulation as : far back as Christmas Eve.
The study has thrown up an oddity that the original A strain spread through West Coast USA despite not being being the most prevalent in China, the B strain.
Dr Forster told MailOnline that type A originally mutated into type B within China - but type C, the 'daughter' of B, evolved outside of the nation.
He admitted scientists are clueless as to how type B 'pushed aside' its predecessor to become more common in China - but the question will be answered 'one day'.
Type B was found to be comfortable in the immune systems of people in Wuhan and did not need to mutate to adapt.
DNA Researchers believe the virus was being spread around the city by mid- February - weeks before New York's first confirmed case. This map is based on an earlier genome study and shows eight different strains of coronavirus identified by scientists and how they have spread around the world
And Dr Forster said the type B strain was 'alive and kicking' by Christmas Eve, their analysis revealed.
It means the virus had already mutated before China recorded any COVID-19 cases - Wuhan first described an outbreak of a mysterious virus on December 31.
【 在 beijingren3 () 的大作中提到: 】 : However, outside of Wuhan and in the bodies of people from different : locations, the variation mutated much more rapidly. : This indicated it was adapting to try and survive and overcome resistance : among other populations, such as Westerners. : Data analysis suggests the original strain of the virus could have been : circulating in China as far back as September. : September : September : September : September
However because both strains were in existence by January, when US got its first case, it does not mean it arrived any earlier and was not detected. The researchers said the study was too small to draw any firm conclusions.
这个是合乎逻辑的， CIA女运动员一家是type B的0号病例，所以才把type B分别带到 武汉和欧洲， 欧洲的type C得以独立演化 【 在 beijingren3 () 的大作中提到: 】 : Dr Forster told MailOnline that type A originally mutated into type B within : China - but type C, the 'daughter' of B, evolved outside of the nation.
COVID-19: Genetic network analysis provides 'snapshot' of pandemic origins
Summary: The first use of phylogenetic techniques shows the 'ancestral' virus genome closest to those in bats was not Wuhan's predominant virus type. The study charts the 'incipient supernova' of COVID-19 through genetic mutations as itspread from China and Asia to Australia, Europe and North America. Researchers say their methods could be used to help identify undocumented infection sources.
Researchers from Cambridge, UK, and Germany have reconstructed the early " evolutionary paths" of COVID-19 in humans -- as infection spread from Wuhan out to Europe and North America -- using genetic network techniques.
By analysing the first 160 complete virus genomes to be sequenced from humanpatients, the scientists have mapped some of the original spread of the new coronavirus through its mutations, which creates different viral lineages.
"There are too many rapid mutations to neatly trace a COVID-19 family tree. We used a mathematical network algorithm to visualise all the plausible trees simultaneously," said geneticist Dr Peter Forster, lead author from the University of Cambridge.
"These techniques are mostly known for mapping the movements of prehistoric human populations through DNA. We think this is the first time they have been used to trace the infection routes of a coronavirus like COVID-19."
The team used data from virus genomes sampled from across the world between 24 December 2019 and 4 March 2020. The research revealed three distinct " variants" of COVID-19, consisting of clusters of closely related lineages, which they label 'A', 'B' and 'C'.
Forster and colleagues found that the closest type of COVID-19 to the one discovered in bats -- type 'A', the "original human virus genome" -- was present in Wuhan, but surprisingly was not the city's predominant virus type.
Mutated versions of 'A' were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia.
Wuhan's major virus type, 'B', was prevalent in patients from across East Asia. However, the variant didn't travel much beyond the region without further mutations -- implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or "resistance" against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers.
The 'C' variant is the major European type, found in early patients from France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study's Chinese mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea.
The new analysis also suggests that one of the earliest introductions of thevirus into Italy came via the first documented German infection on January 27, and that another early Italian infection route was related to a " Singapore cluster."
Importantly, the researchers say that their genetic networking techniques accurately traced established infection routes: the mutations and viral lineages joined the dots between known cases.
As such, the scientists argue that these "phylogenetic" methods could be applied to the very latest coronavirus genome sequencing to help predict future global hot spots of disease transmission and surge.
"Phylogenetic network analysis has the potential to help identify undocumented COVID-19 infection sources, which can then be quarantined to contain further spread of the disease worldwide," said Forster, a fellow of the McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research at Cambridge, as well as the University's Institute of Continuing Education.
The findings are published today in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The software used in the study, as well as classifications for over 1,000 coronavirus genomes and counting, is available free at http://www.fluxus-technology.com.
Variant 'A', most closely related to the virus found in both bats and pangolins, is described as "the root of the outbreak" by researchers. Type 'B' is derived from 'A', separated by two mutations, then 'C' is in turn a " daughter" of 'B'.
Researchers say the localisation of the 'B' variant to East Asia could result from a "founder effect": a genetic bottleneck that occurs when, in the case of a virus, a new type is established from a small, isolated group of infections.
Forster argues that there is another explanation worth considering. "The Wuhan B-type virus could be immunologically or environmentally adapted to a large section of the East Asian population. It may need to mutate to overcome resistance outside East Asia. We seem to see a slower mutation ratein East Asia than elsewhere, in this initial phase."
He added: "The viral network we have detailed is a snapshot of the early stages of an epidemic, before the evolutionary paths of COVID-19 become obscured by vast numbers of mutations. It's like catching an incipient supernova in the act."
Since today's PNAS study was conducted, the research team has extended its analysis to 1,001 viral genomes. While yet to be peer-reviewed, Forster saysthe latest work suggests that the first infection and spread among humans of COVID-19 occurred between mid-September and early December.
The phylogenetic network methods used by researchers -- allowing the visualisation of hundreds of evolutionary trees simultaneously in one simplegraph -- were pioneered in New Zealand in 1979, then developed by German mathematicians in the 1990s.
These techniques came to the attention of archaeologist Professor Colin Renfrew, a co-author of the new PNAS study, in 1998. Renfrew went on to establish one of the first archaeogenetics research groups in the world at the University of Cambridge.
Mutated versions of ‘A’ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia.
A的突变版本的病毒是在居住在武汉的美国人中发现的，并且大量的A类型病毒在美国和澳大利亚被发现。
Wuhan’s major virus type, ‘B’, was prevalent in patients from across EastAsia. However, the variant didn’t travel much beyond the region without further mutations – implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or “resistance” against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers.
The founder effect is a case of genetic drift caused by a small population with limited numbers of individuals breaking away from a parent population. The occurrence of retinitis pigmentosa in the British colony on the Tristan da Cunha islands is an example of the founder effect. https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/奠基者效应
The ‘C’ variant is the major European type, found in early patients from France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study’s Chinese mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea.
每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-separate-types-coronavirus.html
欧洲只有西班牙是A。interesting
从武汉到意大利有一次变异。从意大利到美国是原封不动。
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
意大利的C是怎么传出美国的A？
【 在 TheMatrix(TheMatrix) 的大作中提到: 】
: 从武汉到意大利有一次变异。从意大利到美国是原封不动。
: separate
除扭腰外，2/3美国case是A型。最原始的。说明啥？
澳洲的全都可以trace到米国科罗拉多滑雪的一群人。
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
Two-thirds of American samples were type A - but infected patients mostly
came from the West Coast, and not New York
【 在 I23 (嘿嘿) 的大作中提到: 】
: 意大利的C是怎么传出美国的A？
:
: 从武汉到意大利有一次变异。从意大利到美国是原封不动。
:
: separate
:
终南山如获至宝。
如果说A是从中到美，那就很奇怪了。B才是中国主流，既然无差别流入美国，为毛只有原始的A?起码中国周边的日韩加坡都不是A占主流。如果反过来流动那就一切都解释清
楚了。
这图不对吧，袋鼠的病毒是美帝传的，这个已经有定论了。
这个图有问题吧。
美国至少东海岸主要是欧洲过去的，为什么没画出来
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
美国的A还在，但是死的都是意大利传过来的C。
【 在 I23 (嘿嘿) 的大作中提到: 】
: 意大利的C是怎么传出美国的A？
: : 从武汉到意大利有一次变异。从意大利到美国是原封不动。
: : separate
:
这图还是假设中国是起源地画的。逻辑上是有问题的。
【 在 futurist (展望未来) 的大作中提到: 】
: 这图不对吧，袋鼠的病毒是美帝传的，这个已经有定论了。
全球3000个序列，武汉现在有几个？ 我记着前些日子是20几个
China,
mostly Type B, Type A is found in (come) places.
in come places?
这是哪国英语啊？
不因为啥，因为你是五毛。专门护屌的毛毛，一切皆可解释了。
typo。应该是some
【 在 svelte (肉芝) 的大作中提到: 】
: China,
: mostly Type B, Type A is found in (come) places.
: in come places?
: 这是哪国英语啊？
你说每日邮报是五毛？
【 在 nimaging (nimaging) 的大作中提到: 】
: 不因为啥，因为你是五毛。专门护屌的毛毛，一切皆可解释了。
装什么外宾？
大家都是中国人，中国政府玩的那点猫腻谁不清纯？
中国的毒株上传的有几个？
画图工作外包给三哥了。
【 在 WCNMLGB (CCC) 的大作中提到: 】
: 这个图有问题吧。
: 美国至少东海岸主要是欧洲过去的，为什么没画出来
: separate
终南山自己编，然后发到网上，然后终南山又拿来做“资料”当证据。
"found in come places?"
这事哪个五毛做的？come? lol
智商有缺陷的真多
麻痹的厉害国1月就阻止上传序列，现有100多个序列是早期传的，根本数据都不全，都能推论出来这种傻逼结果
美国的病毒圣诞节就有了
Analysis of the strains showed type A - the original virus that jumped to
humans from bats via pangolins - was not China's most common. Instead, the
pandemic's ground-zero was mainly hit by type B, which was in circulation as far back as Christmas Eve.
武汉病毒的数据是0，咋洗涤都没用。。。。
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
就说明武汉病毒估计在厉害国已经流行一段时间了
如果医生12月底开始吹哨，武汉的病毒至少是10月份就出现了
【 在 beijingren3 () 的大作中提到: 】
: 美国的病毒圣诞节就有了
: Analysis of the strains showed type A - the original virus that jumped to : humans from bats via pangolins - was not China's most common. Instead, the
: pandemic's ground-zero was mainly hit by type B, which was in circulation as
: far back as Christmas Eve.
这个谣言就不要传了。上GISAID看看。武汉序列很多了
【 在 skybluewei (weilan) 的大作中提到: 】
: 武汉病毒的数据是0，咋洗涤都没用。。。。
: separate
有几个啊？很多是多少？有几个是12月份的数据？
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 这个谣言就不要传了。上GISAID看看。武汉序列很多了
The study has thrown up an oddity that the original A strain spread through West Coast USA despite not being being the most prevalent in China, the B
strain.
西方其他国家看出端倪
不愿意为美国背锅了
自己去查。没工夫教。每日邮报又不是五毛报纸。https://www.gisaid.org/epiflu-applications/next-hcov-19-app/
【 在 skybluewei (weilan) 的大作中提到: 】
: 有几个啊？很多是多少？有几个是12月份的数据？
Dr Forster told MailOnline that type A originally mutated into type B within China - but type C, the 'daughter' of B, evolved outside of the nation.
Dr Forster told MailOnline that type A originally mutated into type B within China - but type C, the 'daughter' of B, evolved outside of the nation.
He admitted scientists are clueless as to how type B 'pushed aside' its
predecessor to become more common in China - but the question will be
answered 'one day'.
Type B was found to be comfortable in the immune systems of people in Wuhan and did not need to mutate to adapt.
你自己看China那里，图上写的是found in come places
每日邮报也要come吗，高潮啦？
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 自己去查。没工夫教。每日邮报又不是五毛报纸。
: https://www.gisaid.org/epiflu-applications/next-hcov-19-app/
那是每日邮报的原图。我都给了链接。瞪大个眼看不见？
【 在 dime (dime) 的大作中提到: 】
: 你自己看China那里，图上写的是found in come places
: 每日邮报也要come吗，高潮啦？
哈哈哈。别人玩不玩猫腻，你一天都死两千个
【 在 dlc (dalaocu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 装什么外宾？
: 大家都是中国人，中国政府玩的那点猫腻谁不清纯？
: 中国的毒株上传的有几个？
所以Type A在美国一直有，不致命
到了武汉变成B，致命
然后到了意大利变成C，致命
意大利再把C传回美国，致命
这样？
这种typo，你觉着每日邮报可信度如何？
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 那是每日邮报的原图。我都给了链接。瞪大个眼看不见？
所有患者的病毒分析都上传才有意义。如果都是选择性上传屁用没有。
【 在 xlzero (megatron) 的大作中提到: 】
: 所以Type A在美国一直有，不致命
: 到了武汉变成B，致命
: 然后到了意大利变成C，致命
: 意大利再把C传回美国，致命
: 这样？
However, outside of Wuhan and in the bodies of people from different
locations, the variation mutated much more rapidly.
This indicated it was adapting to try and survive and overcome resistance
among other populations, such as Westerners.
Data analysis suggests the original strain of the virus could have been
circulating in China as far back as September.
September
September
September
September
DNA Researchers believe the virus was being spread around the city by mid-
February - weeks before New York's first confirmed case. This map is based
on an earlier genome study and shows eight different strains of coronavirus identified by scientists and how they have spread around the world
And Dr Forster said the type B strain was 'alive and kicking' by Christmas
Eve, their analysis revealed.
It means the virus had already mutated before China recorded any COVID-19
cases - Wuhan first described an outbreak of a mysterious virus on December 31.
bingo
【 在 beijingren3 () 的大作中提到: 】
: However, outside of Wuhan and in the bodies of people from different
: locations, the variation mutated much more rapidly.
: This indicated it was adapting to try and survive and overcome resistance : among other populations, such as Westerners.
: Data analysis suggests the original strain of the virus could have been
: circulating in China as far back as September.
: September
: September
: September
: September
【 在 FoodGod (饭中淹) 的大作中提到: 】
: 所有患者的病毒分析都上传才有意义。如果都是选择性上传屁用没有。
都传了又能如何，谁都可以不认账
反正现在就是确定在武汉先大爆发
至于起源还没确定
patient zero也找不到
美帝流行最原始毒株。天朝流行的是改良后的毒株。这种主要事实不会差。至于怎么解释，就看哪种逻辑合理和屁股在哪边了
【 在 dime (dime) 的大作中提到: 】
: 这种typo，你觉着每日邮报可信度如何？
英国蓝金黄了-老酱
你再读读你引用的这篇报道
However because both strains were in existence by January, when US got its
first case, it does not mean it arrived any earlier and was not detected.
The researchers said the study was too small to draw any firm conclusions.
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 美帝流行最原始毒株。天朝流行的是改良后的毒株。这种主要事实不会差。至于怎么解
: 释，就看哪种逻辑合理和屁股在哪边了
看来米国人 偷吃蝙蝠了 ~~
【 在 xlzero (megatron) 的大作中提到: 】
: 所以Type A在美国一直有，不致命
: 到了武汉变成B，致命
: 然后到了意大利变成C，致命
: 意大利再把C传回美国，致命
: 这样？
很显然A的传播能力不行，在西部传播了几个月还没绕地球一圈过来的C厉害。
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
郭文贵早就说有好几个亚种的病毒同时有意放出来，这点看来还挺准的。
不过郭改口了，现在说不是故意的，是泄漏
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
这里的基因测序是怎么证明美国是最原始的，谁讲讲？
厉害国的purple真厉害
毒害全世界
之前日本不是已经有过研究吗？日本的研究再拿过来看看
没有啊。。。哪有武汉12月份的病毒？这个图不正好说明了都是中国的purple的子孙吗？
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 自己去查。没工夫教。每日邮报又不是五毛报纸。
: https://www.gisaid.org/epiflu-applications/next-hcov-19-app/
这分析还没有夏将军的权威。这个病毒的变异有一堆，何止ABC三种？！
日，这网站上的传播动图显示的就是病毒从中国开始，然后传播到其他地方。
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 自己去查。没工夫教。每日邮报又不是五毛报纸。
: https://www.gisaid.org/epiflu-applications/next-hcov-19-app/
那个图是按照时间顺序画的。武汉病例发病在前，自然靠左边。如果忽略时间因素，那个图什么也看不出。病原体1月份才确定是冠状病毒。哪来12月份序列？
【 在 skybluewei (weilan) 的大作中提到: 】
: 没有啊。。。哪有武汉12月份的病毒？这个图不正好说明了都是中国的purple的子孙吗？
这网站上序列按病例时间顺序排的。当然是这种感觉。你把发病时间因素去掉呢？
【 在 FoodGod (饭中淹) 的大作中提到: 】
: 日，这网站上的传播动图显示的就是病毒从中国开始，然后传播到其他地方。
那个树状图不是父子关系么，你色盲吗
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 这网站上序列按病例时间顺序排的。当然是这种感觉。你把发病时间因素去掉呢？
我都说了，那个树状图排列方式有一维是时间轴。按时间排，当然是武汉在前。让你认为武汉就是父。这点道理不明白？
【 在 FoodGod (饭中淹) 的大作中提到: 】
: 那个树状图不是父子关系么，你色盲吗
武汉的@型tg是不敢发布了。
descendents啥意思。
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 我都说了，那个树状图排列方式有一维是时间轴。按时间排，当然是武汉在前。让你认
: 为武汉就是父。这点道理不明白？
颜色代表父子关系，purple是老祖宗，还由别的祖宗吗？
【 在 FoodGod (饭中淹) 的大作中提到: 】
: descendents啥意思。
这个图一眼看上去还是以中国为发源地的吧，澳洲，美国是A，但也是从中国过去的。
这个是合乎逻辑的， CIA女运动员一家是type B的0号病例，所以才把type B分别带到
武汉和欧洲， 欧洲的type C得以独立演化
【 在 beijingren3 () 的大作中提到: 】
: Dr Forster told MailOnline that type A originally mutated into type B
within
: China - but type C, the 'daughter' of B, evolved outside of the nation.
好像B的都控制得比较好。
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
COVID-19: Genetic network analysis provides 'snapshot' of pandemic origins
Summary:
The first use of phylogenetic techniques shows the 'ancestral' virus genome
closest to those in bats was not Wuhan's predominant virus type. The study
charts the 'incipient supernova' of COVID-19 through genetic mutations as itspread from China and Asia to Australia, Europe and North America.
Researchers say their methods could be used to help identify undocumented
infection sources.
Researchers from Cambridge, UK, and Germany have reconstructed the early "
evolutionary paths" of COVID-19 in humans -- as infection spread from Wuhan
out to Europe and North America -- using genetic network techniques.
By analysing the first 160 complete virus genomes to be sequenced from humanpatients, the scientists have mapped some of the original spread of the new
coronavirus through its mutations, which creates different viral lineages.
"There are too many rapid mutations to neatly trace a COVID-19 family tree.
We used a mathematical network algorithm to visualise all the plausible
trees simultaneously," said geneticist Dr Peter Forster, lead author from
the University of Cambridge.
"These techniques are mostly known for mapping the movements of prehistoric
human populations through DNA. We think this is the first time they have
been used to trace the infection routes of a coronavirus like COVID-19."
The team used data from virus genomes sampled from across the world between
24 December 2019 and 4 March 2020. The research revealed three distinct "
variants" of COVID-19, consisting of clusters of closely related lineages,
which they label 'A', 'B' and 'C'.
Forster and colleagues found that the closest type of COVID-19 to the one
discovered in bats -- type 'A', the "original human virus genome" -- was
present in Wuhan, but surprisingly was not the city's predominant virus type.
Mutated versions of 'A' were seen in Americans reported to have lived in
Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the
US and Australia.
Wuhan's major virus type, 'B', was prevalent in patients from across East
Asia. However, the variant didn't travel much beyond the region without
further mutations -- implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or "resistance"
against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers.
The 'C' variant is the major European type, found in early patients from
France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study's Chinese
mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea.
The new analysis also suggests that one of the earliest introductions of thevirus into Italy came via the first documented German infection on January
27, and that another early Italian infection route was related to a "
Singapore cluster."
Importantly, the researchers say that their genetic networking techniques
accurately traced established infection routes: the mutations and viral
lineages joined the dots between known cases.
As such, the scientists argue that these "phylogenetic" methods could be
applied to the very latest coronavirus genome sequencing to help predict
future global hot spots of disease transmission and surge.
"Phylogenetic network analysis has the potential to help identify
undocumented COVID-19 infection sources, which can then be quarantined to
contain further spread of the disease worldwide," said Forster, a fellow of
the McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research at Cambridge, as well as
the University's Institute of Continuing Education.
The findings are published today in the journal Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The software used in the study, as well as
classifications for over 1,000 coronavirus genomes and counting, is
available free at http://www.fluxus-technology.com.
Variant 'A', most closely related to the virus found in both bats and
pangolins, is described as "the root of the outbreak" by researchers. Type 'B' is derived from 'A', separated by two mutations, then 'C' is in turn a "
daughter" of 'B'.
Researchers say the localisation of the 'B' variant to East Asia could
result from a "founder effect": a genetic bottleneck that occurs when, in
the case of a virus, a new type is established from a small, isolated group
of infections.
Forster argues that there is another explanation worth considering. "The
Wuhan B-type virus could be immunologically or environmentally adapted to a
large section of the East Asian population. It may need to mutate to
overcome resistance outside East Asia. We seem to see a slower mutation ratein East Asia than elsewhere, in this initial phase."
He added: "The viral network we have detailed is a snapshot of the early
stages of an epidemic, before the evolutionary paths of COVID-19 become
obscured by vast numbers of mutations. It's like catching an incipient
supernova in the act."
Since today's PNAS study was conducted, the research team has extended its
analysis to 1,001 viral genomes. While yet to be peer-reviewed, Forster saysthe latest work suggests that the first infection and spread among humans
of COVID-19 occurred between mid-September and early December.
The phylogenetic network methods used by researchers -- allowing the
visualisation of hundreds of evolutionary trees simultaneously in one simplegraph -- were pioneered in New Zealand in 1979, then developed by German
mathematicians in the 1990s.
These techniques came to the attention of archaeologist Professor Colin
Renfrew, a co-author of the new PNAS study, in 1998. Renfrew went on to
establish one of the first archaeogenetics research groups in the world at
the University of Cambridge.
你个浑水摸鱼的外宣
明明图里的箭号那么清楚
美国的来源地就是中国
而且中国根本是传播发动机
这你也能睁眼说瞎话
颠倒黑白
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
那个箭头是小编人为画的。把所有箭头都去掉。只放病毒类型。凭常识就知道应该怎么分析。
【 在 ganlinama (糞鯖) 的大作中提到: 】
: 你个浑水摸鱼的外宣
: 明明图里的箭号那么清楚
: 美国的来源地就是中国
: 而且中国根本是传播发动机
: 这你也能睁眼说瞎话
: 颠倒黑白
: separate
Mutated versions of ‘A’ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in
Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia.
A的突变版本的病毒是在居住在武汉的美国人中发现的，并且大量的A类型病毒在美国和澳大利亚被发现。
Wuhan’s major virus type, ‘B’, was prevalent in patients from across EastAsia. However, the variant didn’t travel much beyond the region without
further mutations – implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or “resistance” against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers.
武汉的主要病毒类型B，在东亚病人中流行。然而，这一种群在没有进一步突变的情况
下没有跨区域流行，暗示了武汉的奠基者事件，或者说，阻力抵挡了这一类型在东亚以外的地区传播，据研究人员说。
科普一下 the founder effect
The founder effect is a case of genetic drift caused by a small population
with limited numbers of individuals breaking away from a parent population. The occurrence of retinitis pigmentosa in the British colony on the Tristan da Cunha islands is an example of the founder effect.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/奠基者效应
The ‘C’ variant is the major European type, found in early patients from
France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study’s Chinese
mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea.
C种群是欧洲主要类型，在法国，意大利，瑞典和英国的早期病人中被发现。他们在中
国大陆的研究采样中缺失，但是在新加坡，香港和韩国被发现。
这几段上面说明几个问题：
第一，美国人主要流行的A类型，有武汉居住史。
第二，美国的大流行类型，不是从欧洲来的，而是从中国来的。
第三，中共隐瞒了C类型数据。
第四，A类型数据较少的原因，有可能是该类型数据没有被充分采样和上传，并不一定
是A类型在武汉传染的人数少。
最重要的一点：只在武汉才发现有奠基者效应！
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 那个箭头是小编人为画的。把所有箭头都去掉。只放病毒类型。凭常识就知道应该怎么
: 分析。
武汉上传的不多，都是中后期的，你看看有没有早期的？
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
武汉只有28个case能说明啥呢？
患者少啊，武汉才几万患者，美国都百万了。
【 在 summitxing (浮云落日) 的大作中提到: 】
: 武汉只有28个case能说明啥呢？
那请上传几万个case啊！
【 在 FoodGod (饭中淹) 的大作中提到: 】
: 患者少啊，武汉才几万患者，美国都百万了。
美帝上传了几个？
【 在 cllearjks (cllearjks) 的大作中提到: 】
: 那请上传几万个case啊！
人间地狱啊
睁眼说瞎话？
武汉是A+B，上传case中A【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
千老写的玩意，有多少可信度？100篇里有一篇真货就不错了，随便看看就行，不用太
当真
行了，别洗了。就算采样偏差。中国来美帝几十万旅行者，B为什么没有？中国周边国
家都是B为主。唯独美帝那么奇怪，只保留了原始的A?
【 在 summitxing (浮云落日) 的大作中提到: 】
: 睁眼说瞎话？
: 武汉是A+B，上传case中A: 而知。
: separate
但图上画的是A病毒由中国传到美国。
你们做事要严谨，要看清楚再说，你可以不同意文章的观点，但不能相互矛盾
【 在 microyu (yu) 的大作中提到: 】
: 每日邮报也揭底了。一共有A,B,C三种毒株流行。A最原始，B由A突变来，C由B突变来。
: 美帝，澳大利亚以A为主，天朝以B为主，A在武汉少量，C在天朝境外突变。澳大利亚毒
: 株肯定从美国来。如果起源是武汉，为毛不是最原始的A为主？迄今还找不到解释。不
: 过如果是起源于美帝，那就解释通了。
: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8204255/There-THREE-
separate
: -types-coronavirus.html
箭头是小编自己画的。你可以去掉自己凭逻辑分析。
【 在 CK2002 (打酱油) 的大作中提到: 】
: 但图上画的是A病毒由中国传到美国。
: 你们做事要严谨，要看清楚再说，你可以不同意文章的观点，但不能相互矛盾
: separate
说明楼主是个护屌的毛毛。
美国难道不也是选择性上传么?
难道吧近50万的都上传了？
都是采样（抽样）。
【 在 FoodGod (饭中淹) 的大作中提到: 】
: 所有患者的病毒分析都上传才有意义。如果都是选择性上传屁用没有。
所以哥认为这种分析没意义。
【 在 ACE2 (血管紧张素转化酶2) 的大作中提到: 】
: 美国难道不也是选择性上传么?
: 难道吧近50万的都上传了？
: 都是采样（抽样）。