very high skilled contractors may be at ease with working as freelancers, whereas crowdworkers involved in low level routine cognitive tasks, or in manual work, may be in need of more social protection.
digital markets with large numbers of contractors were mostly originated in the United States, although the largest one (i.e. Upwork) also has registered contractors from European (EU) countries.
Altogether 169 (84.5%) platforms were of EU origin and others originated in the United States but are operational in Europe and tend to be the largest ones.
显然美国的创新能力超出欧洲。
enthusiasts see these digital markets as empowering millions of individuals to unlock the value of their time, especially for those segments of human capital that are away from institutionalised employment (i.e. ‘flexers’ such as stay-at-home parents, retirees, students, etc.), including the underemployed, unemployed and independent highly skilled professionals. [ cite this!] Digital labour platforms are portrayed as helping individuals earn good extra money, and in many cases avoid boredom, achieve work– life balance through flexible and personally chosen work schedules and by working from home, be creative and autonomous, and enabling firms to deal with work picks without incurring unnecessary fixed costs and reach talents not available domestically.
The pessimists see digital markets as a new unregulated channel of exploitation and saving of labour costs by employers. They argue that the ‘gigs’ traded on these markets are the components of formerly full-time jobs, parcelled up and put out to tender on piece-by-piece basis to increase outsourcing across the board (i.e. of both core and non-core tasks) and reduce labour costs (Felstiner, 2011; Smith & Leberstein, 2015). Others see these markets as creating a new class of networked precariat with no benefits and social protection, contributing to the steady erosion of ‘ labour contract’ and to increasing inequality (Berg, 2016; Cherry, 2011, 2016; Kuttner, 2013; Summers & Balls, 2015, p. 32).
Micro-tasking platforms have been described as digital machines that turn workers into ghosts (Marvit, 2014), or as horrific digital sweat shops ( Uddin, 2012; Zittrain, 2009). Furthermore, research has shown that 90% of tasks posted on AMT are priced at less than 10 cents and, on average, people only make $4.8 per hour (Ipeirotis, 2010). Various investigative journalistic reports have shown that providing generic personal and home services through sharing economy platforms (i.e. TaskRabbit) provides no flexibility or work– life balance. Workers have to work for more than 12 hours a day in order to cobble together a decent income by running errands and driving people around
Member of Indian Diaspora are more likely to hire who hire on oDesk are more likely to hire workers in India than other employers. 印度人互帮互助是大家的共识啊！
【 在 attractive (attractive) 的大作中提到: 】 : 念书年到特别有感触的时候总想到处贴一贴。 : very high skilled contractors may be at ease with working as freelancers, : whereas crowdworkers involved in low level routine cognitive tasks, or in : manual work, may be in need of more social protection. : digital markets with large numbers of contractors were mostly originated in : the United States, although the largest one (i.e. Upwork) also has : registered contractors from European (EU) countries. : Altogether 169 (84.5%) platforms were of EU origin and others originated in : the United States but are operational in Europe and tend to be the largest : ones. : ...................
念书年到特别有感触的时候总想到处贴一贴。
very high skilled contractors may be at ease with working as freelancers,
whereas crowdworkers involved in low level routine cognitive tasks, or in
manual work, may be in need of more social protection.
digital markets with large numbers of contractors were mostly originated in the United States, although the largest one (i.e. Upwork) also has
registered contractors from European (EU) countries.
Altogether 169 (84.5%) platforms were of EU origin and others originated in the United States but are operational in Europe and tend to be the largest
ones.
显然美国的创新能力超出欧洲。
enthusiasts see these digital markets as empowering millions of individuals to unlock the value of their time, especially for those segments of human
capital that are away from institutionalised employment (i.e. ‘flexers’
such as stay-at-home parents, retirees, students, etc.), including the
underemployed, unemployed and independent highly skilled professionals. [
cite this!] Digital labour platforms are portrayed as helping individuals
earn good extra money, and in many cases avoid boredom, achieve work– life balance through flexible and personally chosen work schedules and by working from home, be creative and autonomous, and enabling firms to deal with work picks without incurring unnecessary fixed costs and reach talents not
available domestically.
The pessimists see digital markets as a new unregulated channel of
exploitation and saving of labour costs by employers. They argue that the ‘gigs’ traded on these markets are the components of formerly full-time jobs, parcelled up and put out to tender on piece-by-piece basis to increase
outsourcing across the board (i.e. of both core and non-core tasks) and
reduce labour costs (Felstiner, 2011; Smith & Leberstein, 2015). Others see these markets as creating a new class of networked precariat with no
benefits and social protection, contributing to the steady erosion of ‘
labour contract’ and to increasing inequality (Berg, 2016; Cherry, 2011,
2016; Kuttner, 2013; Summers & Balls, 2015, p. 32).
Micro-tasking platforms have been described as digital machines that turn
workers into ghosts (Marvit, 2014), or as horrific digital sweat shops (
Uddin, 2012; Zittrain, 2009). Furthermore, research has shown that 90% of
tasks posted on AMT are priced at less than 10 cents and, on average, people only make $4.8 per hour (Ipeirotis, 2010). Various investigative
journalistic reports have shown that providing generic personal and home
services through sharing economy platforms (i.e. TaskRabbit) provides no
flexibility or work– life balance. Workers have to work for more than 12
hours a day in order to cobble together a decent income by running errands
and driving people around
Member of Indian Diaspora are more likely to hire who hire on oDesk are more likely to hire workers in India than other employers.
印度人互帮互助是大家的共识啊！
这是什么书？
【 在 attractive (attractive) 的大作中提到: 】
: 念书年到特别有感触的时候总想到处贴一贴。
: very high skilled contractors may be at ease with working as freelancers, : whereas crowdworkers involved in low level routine cognitive tasks, or in : manual work, may be in need of more social protection.
: digital markets with large numbers of contractors were mostly originated
in
: the United States, although the largest one (i.e. Upwork) also has
: registered contractors from European (EU) countries.
: Altogether 169 (84.5%) platforms were of EU origin and others originated
in
: the United States but are operational in Europe and tend to be the largest
: ones.
: ...................
title:
Platform Economics : Rhetoric and Reality in the Sharing Economy
【 在 wh (wh) 的大作中提到: 】
: 这是什么书？
: in
: in