偷个懒，第一个问题上ChatGPT的答案 Both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to allergies, but they play different roles in the process: 1. Innate Immune System: First line of defense: The innate immune system is the body’s initial response to foreign substances, including allergens. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs): These receptors, like Toll-like receptors (TLRs), recognize common patterns on allergens and activate an immune response. Activation of inflammatory cells: Cells such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in the innate system are involved in releasing chemicals like histamines that cause allergic symptoms like itching, sneezing, and swelling. Non-specific: The innate response is rapid and non-specific, meaning it responds similarly to many allergens. 2. Adaptive Immune System: Involves memory and specificity: The adaptive immune system is highly specific and can “remember” particular allergens after initial exposure, leading to stronger responses upon re-exposure. IgE production: In allergic individuals, the adaptive immune system overreacts to harmless substances (allergens) by producing IgE antibodies. These antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells and basophils, sensitizing them to the allergen. T-helper cells (Th2 cells): In allergic reactions, Th2 cells play a key role by promoting the production of IgE and the activation of eosinophils. Delayed but specific response: The adaptive immune response is slower but targeted toward specific allergens, contributing to chronic allergic conditions. Summary: Innate immune system: Contributes to the immediate, non-specific reaction, triggering inflammation and the release of histamines. Adaptive immune system: Plays a central role in sensitizing the immune system to specific allergens and driving long-term allergic responses through IgE production. Both systems collaborate in the development and progression of allergic reactions. 第二个问题没明白是什么意思。
回复 7楼 cavity05 的帖子 我明白你的第二个问题了，也偷懒问了chatGPT Yes, after a bone marrow transplant (also known as a hematopoietic stem cell transplant), the recipient typically acquires the donor's immune system, both innate and adaptive components. How this happens: Bone Marrow Function: The bone marrow is where hematopoietic stem cells reside. These stem cells give rise to all the blood cells, including immune cells of both the innate and adaptive systems (such as neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, B cells, etc.). Donor’s Immune System: After a bone marrow transplant, the donor’s stem cells take root in the recipient’s bone marrow and begin to produce new immune cells. As these cells are derived from the donor's stem cells, the recipient gradually develops the donor's immune system. Innate Immune System: Cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells—key components of the innate immune system—are derived from the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Therefore, after the transplant, these cells will originate from the donor's immune system. Adaptive Immune System: The adaptive immune system’s cells—such as T cells and B cells—are also derived from bone marrow stem cells. T cells: The newly generated T cells will have the donor's immune characteristics (based on the donor’s genetics and immune memory). B cells: Similarly, B cells that produce antibodies will be derived from the donor’s immune system, leading to the production of antibodies that reflect the donor’s immune repertoire. Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD): A potential complication of acquiring the donor’s adaptive immune system is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the donor’s immune cells may recognize the recipient’s tissues as foreign and attack them. Summary: After a bone marrow transplant, the recipient generally acquires both the innate and adaptive immune systems of the donor. Over time, the recipient’s immune cells, originating from the donor’s stem cells, replace the recipient’s original immune cells. This can lead to immune function based on the donor’s immune profile.
所以反对的人，并不知道自己反对的不是一款疫苗。我的感觉是，一样东西不管是啥，只要有人叫它疫苗，就一定有人会说它祸国殃民。同样的思维也适用于药这个概念：不管是啥，只要有人叫它药，就一定有三分毒，就应该能不用就不用。
扯远了，今儿解释一下疫苗和抗体到底有什么不同。
人体的免疫系统有两套机制，一套叫先天免疫系统（Innate Immune System），是病原体入侵的第一道防线。另一套是后天免疫系统（Adaptive Immune System）， 是在接触了病原体之后，产生专门针对这种病原体的防御机制。先天免疫系统靠的是亿万年进化得到的经验，看到一个东西不像是自身的产物， 就对入侵者发起进攻。先天免疫系统的细胞，比如树状细胞（dendritic cell）还会把入侵者的碎片提供给后天免疫系统，筛选出能专门针对入侵者的B细胞 和T细胞. B细胞就是产生抗体的细胞，T细胞又分好几种，有不同的功能。疫苗的作用，就是把病原体的信息提前输送给后天免疫系统，激活B细胞和T细胞。
反对疫苗的人们很在乎疫苗的定义，是预防感染，预防重症，还是治疗，这对他们很重要。但问题是疫苗的定义并不在于它的效果， 因为有很多别的手段可以达到预防感染，预防重症，治疗这些效果。疫苗的核心理念，是它能激活后天免疫系统，让后者提前准备好武器 （主要是抗体），在真正的病原体出现的时候，能有备而战，打个漂亮的胜仗。注射单克隆抗体也能预防这个抗体针对的病原体，相当于直接给人体提供弹药。相比起来，疫苗算是授之以渔，抗体算是授之以鱼。
注射单克隆抗体因为不用激活后天免疫系统，所以安全性很好副作用很小。既然这样，为什么不用抗体取代疫苗给群体免疫呢？这里有几个考虑。第一个是抗体注射到人体里以后，在体内存在的时间是有限期的，一般是几个星期到几个月，过了这段时间，抗体就被人体系统代谢清除掉了。所以打抗体只能提供短期的保护。而疫苗能教会后天免疫系统认出病原体，一般能提供若干年乃至终身的保护。第二个是生产单克隆抗体的成本比生产疫苗要高得多，如果用抗体来执行群体免疫这个功能，对社会和医疗系统的负担太大。
反对疫苗的人们经常提的一个观点是，使用疫苗会导致儿童自闭症。这个说法最初源于1998年 Andrew Wakefield在权威医学杂志Lancet上的一篇文章，但是后来证明这篇文章的数据是伪造的，Lancet已经撤掉了这篇文章。再后来发现，写这篇文章的Wakefield 从代表自闭症儿童的父母起诉药厂的律师那里收了不少钱，有科研经费，也有给他个人的钱，给他个人的钱有四十万英镑之多。这些事情网上到处都可以查到，不是我随口编的。如果非说这些都是假的都是阴谋，那我也不知道这个世界上还有什么可以相信了。
98年这篇文章引起轩然大波后，有很多大规模的关于疫苗和自闭症关系的研究，到目前为止，并没有可靠的证据证明疫苗会导致儿童自闭症。
最后再反复重申，我从来没有说过任何一句话鼓动或者强制任何人打新冠疫苗；也从来没有对反对疫苗的人们使用过任何不敬的称呼或者语言。我对所有疫苗的观点都是一样的：个体有决定使不使用疫苗的权力。我的信念是，集体的利益并不能剥夺个人选择的权力。但是这个选择，最好建立在正确的信息和可靠的证据上。
没有别的话了，就这样吧。
谢谢mm支持。我被人骂惯了，现在看开了，爱说我啥就说呗，不管说我啥，我也不会多一斤肉或者少一斤肉 （如果能少一斤肉那该多棒呀！
不好意思，拉黑了。不想和你吵架。
不接受点播，抗蛇毒血清和血清病和我这篇讲到的疫苗和单克隆抗体药物没有关系。
偷个懒，第一个问题上ChatGPT的答案 Both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to allergies, but they play different roles in the process: 1. Innate Immune System: First line of defense: The innate immune system is the body’s initial response to foreign substances, including allergens. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs): These receptors, like Toll-like receptors (TLRs), recognize common patterns on allergens and activate an immune response. Activation of inflammatory cells: Cells such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in the innate system are involved in releasing chemicals like histamines that cause allergic symptoms like itching, sneezing, and swelling. Non-specific: The innate response is rapid and non-specific, meaning it responds similarly to many allergens. 2. Adaptive Immune System: Involves memory and specificity: The adaptive immune system is highly specific and can “remember” particular allergens after initial exposure, leading to stronger responses upon re-exposure. IgE production: In allergic individuals, the adaptive immune system overreacts to harmless substances (allergens) by producing IgE antibodies. These antibodies bind to receptors on mast cells and basophils, sensitizing them to the allergen. T-helper cells (Th2 cells): In allergic reactions, Th2 cells play a key role by promoting the production of IgE and the activation of eosinophils. Delayed but specific response: The adaptive immune response is slower but targeted toward specific allergens, contributing to chronic allergic conditions. Summary: Innate immune system: Contributes to the immediate, non-specific reaction, triggering inflammation and the release of histamines. Adaptive immune system: Plays a central role in sensitizing the immune system to specific allergens and driving long-term allergic responses through IgE production. Both systems collaborate in the development and progression of allergic reactions.
第二个问题没明白是什么意思。
不是学医的，只是科普爱好者。我的学历和职业与我写的科普没有关系，不想提。因为我提供的任何个人信息，都会被骂我的人用来当作攻击的武器。
我明白你的第二个问题了，也偷懒问了chatGPT
Yes, after a bone marrow transplant (also known as a hematopoietic stem cell transplant), the recipient typically acquires the donor's immune system, both innate and adaptive components. How this happens: Bone Marrow Function: The bone marrow is where hematopoietic stem cells reside. These stem cells give rise to all the blood cells, including immune cells of both the innate and adaptive systems (such as neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, B cells, etc.). Donor’s Immune System: After a bone marrow transplant, the donor’s stem cells take root in the recipient’s bone marrow and begin to produce new immune cells. As these cells are derived from the donor's stem cells, the recipient gradually develops the donor's immune system. Innate Immune System: Cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells—key components of the innate immune system—are derived from the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Therefore, after the transplant, these cells will originate from the donor's immune system. Adaptive Immune System: The adaptive immune system’s cells—such as T cells and B cells—are also derived from bone marrow stem cells. T cells: The newly generated T cells will have the donor's immune characteristics (based on the donor’s genetics and immune memory). B cells: Similarly, B cells that produce antibodies will be derived from the donor’s immune system, leading to the production of antibodies that reflect the donor’s immune repertoire. Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD): A potential complication of acquiring the donor’s adaptive immune system is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the donor’s immune cells may recognize the recipient’s tissues as foreign and attack them. Summary: After a bone marrow transplant, the recipient generally acquires both the innate and adaptive immune systems of the donor. Over time, the recipient’s immune cells, originating from the donor’s stem cells, replace the recipient’s original immune cells. This can lead to immune function based on the donor’s immune profile.
谢谢支持，谢谢每一个读完的人。
就是呀，我每次想起Andrew Wakefield都恨得牙痒痒，他大概也是历史上数得上的祸害了。
以及，Gilead宣布准许仿制药厂在低收入国家出售今年f刚出的非常成功的艾滋病阻断药。这个不是疫苗，但还是很感概Gilead真是又有技术又有良心啊。 https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/gilead-signs-deals-with-6-generic-drugmakers-sell-hiv-drug-low-income-countries-2024-10-02/
Andrew Wakefield是英国人。
很多美华属于高学历低文化。学历高不等于有常识，不等于尊重科学。这个版上学历高脑子不行的多了去了