University of Chicago Medicine关于孕妇和哺乳期接种疫苗

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COVID-19 vaccines and pregnancy: What you need to know if you're pregnant, trying to get pregnant, or breastfeeding August 13, 2021
Share with facebook Share with twitter Share with linkedin pregnant woman getting COVID-19 vaccine When federal regulators approved the first two COVID-19 vaccines for general use in the U.S., they gave pregnant people and those who are breastfeeding the option to decide whether to get the immunization. But they stopped short of recommending it outright. That’s because pregnancy is a medical condition that typically excludes people from participating in clinical trials to study the safety and effectiveness of a drug. Excluding this group of people meant there was little data available.
While there are currently no known risks of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine while pregnant, scientists are in the process of gathering additional data to learn more. There are now three COVID-19 vaccines approved for use in the U.S.
Knowing many patients have questions about whether to get the vaccine when it’s offered to them, University of Chicago Medicine reproductive health experts specializing in maternal-fetal medicine, reproductive endocrinology and infertility, high-risk pregnancies and general obstetrics answered common questions about the vaccine and pregnancy.
Here’s what Abbe Kordik, MD, Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Joana R. Lopes Perdigao, MD, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Maryam Siddiqui, MD, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology; and A. Musa Zamah, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology had to say.
Can I get a COVID-19 vaccine if I’m pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or currently breastfeeding? Yes, people who are pregnant, trying to conceive, or breastfeeding can and should get vaccinated against COVID-19, according to recommendations from the CDC, as well as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). These recommendations are based on growing evidence about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines, in addition to concerns about low vaccination rates and increasing cases.
However, if you have questions or concerns, you should discuss them with your healthcare provider. The CDC says those who are pregnant should weigh the following when deciding whether to get the vaccine:
Your individual risk of acquiring the virus (both to community transmission and your occupation) The potential damaging health outcomes of contracting COVID-19 while you’re pregnant The side effects that you may experience after receiving the vaccine The safety and efficacy data currently available If I don’t get vaccinated, what are the risks of contracting COVID-19 during pregnancy? While the overall risk of experiencing a severe course of COVID-19 is low, if you’re pregnant you have an increased risk of getting severely ill if you contract COVID-19. That means you have an increased risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment and death.
Recent data has indicated that individuals who experience severe COVID-19 symptoms have a higher risk of complications during and after pregnancy. Compared to asymptomatic COVID-19 patients, those with severe symptoms were at higher risk for cesarean delivery, preterm birth, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and postpartum hemorrhage. For some people, pregnancy isn’t their only health risk factor — they might be overweight or obese, have underlying high blood pressure or diabetes, or be part of a minority group that had more severe outcomes.
Have the COVID-19 vaccines been tested in pregnant or breastfeeding people? Pregnant people were not specifically included in the clinical trials; this is due to historical restrictions on including those who are pregnant in clinical trials. While the vaccine manufacturers do plan to conduct these clinical trials at a later date, they are currently focused on completing the first Phase 3 trials and distributing vaccines under the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Pfizer/BioNTech has also stated that they are conducting DART studies in animal models to determine if there are any negative side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy; these studies are frequently used to make determinations about what medical treatments should be offered to pregnant people in the absence of human clinical trial data. Verbal reports of the data thus far have not indicated any safety concerns. Moderna submitted data from a DART study in rats to the FDA on December 4, 2020 that concluded there were no adverse effects of a standard mRNA vaccine dose on female reproduction, fetal development or postnatal development. Johnson & Johnson's Janssen COVID-19 vaccine uses an inactive adenovirus (the virus that causes the common cold) as the carrier of instructions to the cell to make copies of the spike protein. This technology has been used for many years and reassuring safety data exists for over 200,000 people. This type of vaccine has also been safely used in infants and children for RSV and Ebola.
During the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine clinical trials, 23 people became pregnant after receiving the vaccine. As far as physicians are aware, there have been no adverse effects yet reported in those people, but more data is required. The CDC is also collecting additional monitoring data through their smartphone app, V-safe, to solicit reports of side effects following vaccination. The CDC reported on January 27, 2021 that about 30,000 pregnant people had already enrolled in the registry. The CDC Covid-19 Vaccine Task Force in the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices released an update on March 1, 2021. In the enrolled population, there have been 275 completed pregnancies, including 232 live births. The registry shows no difference in miscarriage, stillbirth, pregnancy complications, and neonatal outcomes between background rates and pregnant vaccinated individuals. Vaccine safety data will continue to be collected for pregnant people and follow-up is planned for the first year of infant life.
Do I need to delay getting pregnant or fertility treatments if I’m planning on getting vaccinated? Current recommendations say there is no reason to delay conception. If you become pregnant after receiving your first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, you should not delay getting the second booster dose as scheduled. The only possible risk physicians are currently aware of with the vaccine is the possibility of a fever following the second dose, a side effect experienced by around 10-15% of vaccine recipients. In animal studies, high fevers in early pregnancy have been associated with a slight increase in risk of birth defects and pregnancy loss. If this is a concern, the current recommendation is that you take a pregnancy-safe fever reducer such as Tylenol if you experience a fever after getting vaccinated. You may also wish to take Tylenol proactively before getting vaccinated to help prevent a fever. The recent CDC updates from V-safe showed similar reactions and adverse events observed among pregnant and non-pregnant people.
If you are undergoing fertility treatments, the current recommendation is to continue the treatments and to get vaccinated. Speak with your physician and/or fertility specialists to make the decision that is best for you.
When during pregnancy should I get vaccinated? In order to maximize protection against COVID-19, we recommend individuals get the vaccine as soon as possible.
All currently available COVID-19 vaccines appear to be equally effective in pregnant and non-pregnant individuals. Which vaccine should I choose? All currently available COVID-19 vaccines appear to be equally effective in pregnant and non-pregnant individuals. People less than 50 years old should be aware of a rare risk of blood clots or low platelets with the Janssen vaccine. In comparison, the risk of blood clots for this vaccine is lower than the risk of blood clots while using birth control pills. Can the vaccine affect my fetus during pregnancy or reach my baby through breastfeeding? The mRNA vaccines work by presenting your body with a small set of genetic instructions for producing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Your body generates the protein and allows your immune system to learn what the protein looks like so it can recognize the protein if you should ever encounter the actual SARS-CoV-2 virus and prepare an immune response to keep you from getting sick. mRNA is extremely short-lived and easily degraded; this is why the vaccine must be stored at such cold temperatures and used quickly after preparation. Once the vaccine has been injected into your arm, your body either uses the instructions to make those spike proteins or it rapidly breaks down the small amount of mRNA that’s remaining. It is therefore extremely unlikely that any of the mRNA would be able to get into breast milk or into the fetus through the placenta. Additionally, because it’s so easily degraded, it cannot survive the acidic environment of your baby’s stomach.
Reports claiming that COVID-19 vaccines or illness cause female sterility are unfounded. Will the vaccine cause infertility or damage to the placenta? There is also no evidence that the COVID-19 vaccine would reduce your natural fertility or harm the placenta or fetus. While the COVID-19 vaccine is still new, the mechanism of action of this mRNA vaccine and existing safety data provide reassurance regarding the safety of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during pregnancy.
Reports claiming that COVID-19 vaccines or illness cause female sterility are unfounded. Studies show that being positive for COVID spike protein (whether by infection or vaccination) does not cause complications with implantation and early pregnancy development.
Will breastfeeding pass immunity on to the baby? A recent JAMA study found robust secretion of two types of antibodies (IgA and IgG) in breast milk after vaccination. The antibodies showed strong neutralizing effects, which suggests potential protection against infection for the infant. No breastfeeding parent or infant experienced any serious adverse event during the six-week study period. Will you recommend that your patients get vaccinated? Are you getting vaccinated? We agree with the position of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine and the CDC that this is an individualized decision and pregnant/breastfeeding people should be offered the choice to get vaccinated. We are reassured by recent studies showing that COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and lactation results in robust antibody production, which protects pregnant patients and transfers across the placenta into breast milk to protect your newborn.
While data is still being collected about these vaccines, we believe that in the vast majority of cases, the benefits outweigh the risks, and the vaccine is much safer than contracting COVID-19.
Some of us are breastfeeding; we all have patients, friends, and family that we want to protect, and we are all frontline healthcare workers. We are grateful to be vaccinated, and hope that others will take advantage of the opportunity when it is offered to them.
COVID-19 vaccination record card with vaccine viles and needle Get Your COVID-19 Vaccine Vaccines keep you and your family safe and are the most effective way to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Call 773-834-8221 to schedule your vaccine appointment today at UChicago Medicine.
Get the latest updates on COVID-19 vaccination at UChicago Medicine Meet Our Physician Contributors placeholderAbbe Kordik, MD OB/GYN
placeholderJoana R. Lopes Perdigao, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine
placeholderMaryam Siddiqui, MD OB/GYN
placeholderA. Musa Zamah, MD, PhD Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
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