The sensation of sweetness starts on the tongue, but sugar molecules also trip sensors in the gut that directly signal the brain. This could explain why artificial sweeteners fail to satisfy the insatiable craving for sugar.
The gut microbiome is an established regulator of aspects of host metabolism, such as glucose handling. Despite the known impacts of the gut microbiota on host glucose homeostasis, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The gut microbiome is also a potent mediator of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, and this peripheral source of serotonin is itself a regulator of glucose homeostasis. Here, we determined whether the gut microbiome influences glucose homeostasis through effects on gut-derived serotonin. Using both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, we find that the improvements in host glucose handling caused by antibiotic-induced changes in microbiota composition are dependent on the synthesis of peripheral serotonin.
The physiological role of immune cells in the regulation of postprandial glucose metabolism has not been fully elucidated. We have found that adipose tissue macrophages produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) upon feeding, which suppresses hepatic glucose production in cooperation with insulin. Both elevated insulin and gut-microbiome-derived lipopolysaccharide in response to feeding are required for IL-10 production via the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Indeed, myeloid-specific knockout of the insulin receptor or bone marrow transplantation of mutant TLR4 marrow cells results in increased expression of gluconeogenic genes and impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, myeloid-specific Akt1 and Akt2 knockout results in similar phenotypes that are rescued by additional knockout of TSC2, an inhibitor of mTOR. In obesity, IL-10 production is impaired due to insulin resistance in macrophages, whereas adenovirus-mediated expression of IL-10 ameliorates postprandial hyperglycemia. Thus, the orchestrated response of the endogenous hormone and gut environment to feeding is a key regulator of postprandial glycemia.
说说我的情况。我20岁左右就难以忍受饥饿感。一旦饿了就会发抖，必须立刻吃下食物才能缓解。在这种难以抗拒的饥饿感的攻击下，过量摄取食物就很难免。当时年轻，吃多点也没关系，反正多跑几圈操场就不会发胖了。后来我高龄孕妇，孕期糖尿病高血压正式确诊了，怀孕期间虽然饮食极其控制，但是还是靠胰岛素控制。生完孩子后我的血糖居高不下，典型的早期糖尿病。两年前我开始跑步，把血糖成功控制下来了 （这个在我以前的帖子里介绍过）。但是那种难以控制的饥饿感仍然非常严重。
看到其他网友介绍说可以养成忍受饥饿的习惯，饿过了就习惯了。我想说的是我的饥饿感无法克服。一旦饿起来会冒冷汗，头发晕，身体会发抖。最糟糕的是，晚上半夜会被饿醒，而且饿醒过来身体会发抖，必须起来吃东西。我只好睡前一篇面包一杯牛奶。就这样也无法保证半夜不被饿醒。有时候半夜还是要起来吃面包喝牛奶。看到有的跑步网友在长跑前早餐算热量吃得不多，我简直难以想象。我跑步前必须吃两个鸡蛋，两片面包，还有一大杯牛奶。而且在跑完后立刻觉得饥饿袭来，要再吃东西。我知道我的身体不需要这么多热量，但是饥饿感无法控制，直到我发现了这个，嘿嘿！
这是自然发酵的富含益生菌的可以喝的酸奶。这个酸奶喝下后感觉胃部多了一层保护层，以前难以忍受的“饥饿袭击”消失了！就算现在饿得再厉害，也没有那种难以忍受的发冷汗的情况了。也就是说，我现在可以忍受饥饿了。睡觉前喝一杯大约200毫升，半夜就算醒来也不用起来吃东西，第二天早上不会有饿得难受的感觉（会感觉到饿，但是正常的那种饿）。 早餐喝这个酸奶配一点牛油果和水果完全可以抵挡6公里跑步。而且跑完步也没有“扑向”食品的那种需要了。我不懂里面的原理。这个酸奶热量不高，但为啥那么顶事儿？同等热量的面包之类完全没有它顶事儿。而且它为什么就能让我的血糖在半夜不降得那么低了？是里面的益生菌，还是它的泡泡？我到目前为止实验了3周，没有经历过一次之前难以忍受的“饥饿袭击”（hunger attack). 我打算在观察3个月，然后把自己的数据和体会告诉生产厂家。看看这个酸奶是否真的对控制血糖有作用。
最后说的是，我在澳洲。这个酸奶在澳洲各大超市都有卖。好货不贵！我相信在美国加拿大也有类似产品。有需要的同学去试试，反正没有任何坏处。对我真的有好的效果，说不定对你也有效果呢！
中文报导
http://med.china.com.cn/content/pid/146923/tid/1017
英文报道，
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200415133627.htm
The sensation of sweetness starts on the tongue, but sugar molecules also trip sensors in the gut that directly signal the brain. This could explain why artificial sweeteners fail to satisfy the insatiable craving for sugar.https://www.hyperbiotics.com/blogs/recent-articles/104467398-how-a-healthy-gut-promotes-balanced-blood-sugar-levels
发表的论文
https://www.pnas.org/content/116/40/19802
The gut microbiome is an established regulator of aspects of host metabolism, such as glucose handling. Despite the known impacts of the gut microbiota on host glucose homeostasis, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The gut microbiome is also a potent mediator of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, and this peripheral source of serotonin is itself a regulator of glucose homeostasis. Here, we determined whether the gut microbiome influences glucose homeostasis through effects on gut-derived serotonin. Using both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of gut-derived serotonin synthesis, we find that the improvements in host glucose handling caused by antibiotic-induced changes in microbiota composition are dependent on the synthesis of peripheral serotonin.
https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/fulltext/S1097-2765(20)30275-6
The physiological role of immune cells in the regulation of postprandial glucose metabolism has not been fully elucidated. We have found that adipose tissue macrophages produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) upon feeding, which suppresses hepatic glucose production in cooperation with insulin. Both elevated insulin and gut-microbiome-derived lipopolysaccharide in response to feeding are required for IL-10 production via the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Indeed, myeloid-specific knockout of the insulin receptor or bone marrow transplantation of mutant TLR4 marrow cells results in increased expression of gluconeogenic genes and impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, myeloid-specific Akt1 and Akt2 knockout results in similar phenotypes that are rescued by additional knockout of TSC2, an inhibitor of mTOR. In obesity, IL-10 production is impaired due to insulin resistance in macrophages, whereas adenovirus-mediated expression of IL-10 ameliorates postprandial hyperglycemia. Thus, the orchestrated response of the endogenous hormone and gut environment to feeding is a key regulator of postprandial glycemia.
我口腔溃疡经常犯，每个月发作，而且很严重。最近几周我发现即便溃疡发作，情况也很轻了，而且很快就过去了，就相当于没有发作一样。我也是查过很多资料，都解决不了口腔溃疡的问题。现在看来这个益生菌酸奶对我的症了！
以前那样饥饿感剧烈撞击胃壁让人冒冷汗并且发抖。期待医学界的新研究进展！
一个朋友在我家住了几天，发现我吃饭不定时，不定量，不吃饭，太随便。而他一天三顿，定时定量。我问他：不这么做会怎样？回答：饥饿感，嘚瑟，出汗，好像就类似你说的。尤其是锻炼后，饥饿感特别强。
他说他没有糖尿病，血糖控制得很好，他父亲这边的亲戚很多都有糖尿病。他69 岁，瘦小。
就这种有益生菌的自然发酵的有效果。加拿大肯定有类似产品。
他瘦小身材。马来西亚华人。
感谢分享，和你有相同的问题。最开始发生时一次在高速开车，一次在shopping,瞬间浑身冷汗，手抖，心慌，有种一头要栽倒的感觉。开车那次赶紧pull在边上，非常危险。以后包里总放点吃的。我最近开始长跑，结果每天早上4点左右就饿醒了，由于伤痛，最近一些日子没跑，早上就没有再饿醒。不知在美国能否买到这种酸奶。
“Kefir Grains”还分Milk 或 Water Kefir Grains，看个人喜欢。。
我用Milk Kefir Grains，加奶后盖好瓶子，就放厨房台子上（室温）。
房产中介约了看房, 下午三,四点钟, 往常会吃点零食, 当时饿的手抖出汗, 实在不行了在人家的冰箱里, 找到一盒OREO cookie, 吃下去立刻就精神了，还有每天晩上睡前总是饿, 感觉老饿是不是胃的问题， 最近发现不吃辛辣的食物,饥饿感有所改善了。
必须马上吃东西 通常吃一块巧克力后会立竿见影 原来很多人都有这种经历 握手!
我在跑步机上快走后就一定会遭受hunger attack. 那个时间测出来的血糖值就非常低（低于4，具体数值记不清了），所以我是基本确定我这个饥饿感是和我的血糖问题直接相关的。
Kefir也是奶质品，可能是类似的道理。
前提是你不要担心血糖，
就是你每天早上跑一杯麦芽糖的水，大概一份麦芽糖，5份水，浓浓的来一大杯。
三天之后你看看情况是否有改善。记住来只能是麦芽糖，其他什么糖都不行