在1944年“是松诉美国案”（Korematsu v. United States）的判决中，美国最高法院根据美国宪法第五修正案中正当程序条款，维持了驱逐令的合宪性（校注：美国宪法第五修正案为美国权利法案一部分，规定未经正当法律程序，未经正当法律程序；除非给予公正补偿，私有财产不得为公共用途而被征用）。法院将其判决限制在驱逐令的有效性范围内，避免了未经正当程序监禁美国公民的问题。但同一天，法院又在“远藤案”（Ex parte Endo）中裁定，忠诚的美国公民不得被拘留，并由此开始释放他们（校注：两个同一天的判决中第一个出于国家安全的考虑的判决被长期批评，并在2018年被最高法院明确否定为错误判决。第二个判决则被经常引用为对个人自由和正当程序的坚持的道德判决而获得支持）。1944年12月17日，驱逐令被撤销，十个集中营中的九个在1945年底前被关闭。日裔美国人最初被禁止服兵役，但到1943年，他们被允许参军，战争期间共有2万人服役。超过4000名学生获准离开集中营去上大学。集中营医院记录了5981名新生儿和1862名在监禁期间死亡的病例。
Christian persecution in Nazi Germany was a significant aspect of the regime's efforts to consolidate power and impose its ideology. The Nazis viewed Christianity as incompatible with their vision of a racially pure and nationalistic Germany, and they targeted both Catholic and Protestant churches with a variety of measures. Persecution of the Catholic Church: Gleichschaltung: The Nazis sought to control and integrate all aspects of German life, including religion, through a process known as Gleichschaltung. This involved suppressing Catholic schools, press, trade unions, political parties, and youth leagues. Kirchenkampf: The persecution of the Catholic Church was a key part of the broader Kirchenkampf (Church Struggle), which aimed to eliminate church influence in all areas of life. Targeting Clergy and Lay Leaders: Clergy, nuns, and lay leaders were frequently arrested and sent to concentration camps. A dedicated clergy barracks was established at Dachau, where the majority of inmates were Catholic. Confiscation of Church Property: Monasteries, convents, and other church properties were targeted for seizure. Anti-Catholic Propaganda: The Nazis spread propaganda portraying Catholics as disloyal and subversive. Persecution of Protestant Churches: Reich Church: . The Nazis attempted to create a unified Reich Church from the existing Protestant churches, but this effort was resisted by the Confessing Church, a group of Protestants who opposed Nazi policies. Suppression of Protestant Opposition: . Protestant clergy who actively opposed the Nazis were also arrested and imprisoned. Confiscation of Bibles: . In July 1935, state governments were instructed to confiscate all Watch Tower Society publications, including Bibles, according to Wikipedia. Examples of Persecution: Dachau Concentration Camp: . A dedicated clergy barrack was established at Dachau, where a large number of Catholic priests and nuns were incarcerated. Closure of Catholic Schools and Press: . Catholic schools and press were closed, further undermining the influence of the church. Seizure of Church Property: . Monasteries, convents, and other church properties were seized by the state. Prohibition of Religious Services: . The Nazis also restricted or prohibited religious services in schools. Nazi Views on Christianity: Incompatibility with Nazism: Hitler and other Nazi leaders viewed Christianity as fundamentally incompatible with their ideology, which emphasized racial purity and a nationalistic vision of Germany. Rejection of Religious Authority: The Nazis sought to undermine the authority of the Church and other religious institutions, replacing them with their own ideology. Substitution of Paganism: Some Nazi leaders envisioned a return to ancient Germanic paganism after the defeat of the Allied Powers and the suppression of Christianity
写在前面的话
第二次世界大战是人类历史上持续时间最长、涉及国家最多、死亡人数最高的全球性战争。战争中平民的巨大伤亡，远远超过了任何关于战争“正当性”的辩护，给世界各地的人们留下了深重的创伤。在战火波及的地区，大规模屠杀与集中营暴行被广泛记录并反思。
相比之下，美洲大陆几乎未受战争直接波及，表面上显得平静。但就在这片远离主战场的土地上，美国却上演了本国历史上一次罕见的针对单一少数族裔的大规模拘禁事件。这虽不及战场上的杀戮那样血腥，却因其对本国公民和居民基本人权与宪政原则的背离，而被视为美国历史上的一段阴影。
当年的美日太平洋竞争硝烟早已散去，但国家安全焦虑从未真正离开美国的战略视野。在新时代的地缘政治格局下，如何处理国内的少数族裔问题、如何在安全与自由之间作出选择，依然是值得深思的议题。回望历史，也许能帮助我们更清醒地避免重蹈覆辙，做出更经得起历史考验的决策。
本文为维基百科英文页面“Internment of Japanese Americans”（原文链接）的译文，初稿由谷歌翻译生成，后经校对者“真凡”审核并略作删节。各引文标识未作移除，和英文页面一致。校对者个人补充的译注会在文中明确标识。欢迎转发，但请保留原始出处与译者信息。
系列1-概况 （此系列数字标题为校对者添加，此后不再标明）
第二次世界大战期间，美国强制迁移并监禁了约12万日裔人士，关押在由战争安置局（WRA）管理的十座集中营中，这些集中营主要位于美国西部内陆。其中约三分之二是美国公民。这些行动由美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福于1942年2月19日颁布的第9066号行政命令发起，该命令是在1941年12月美日战争爆发后发布的。当时约有12.7万日裔美国人居住在美国本土，其中约11.2万人居住在西海岸。约有8万人是“二世”（Nisei，即在美国出生并拥有美国国籍的日裔）和“三世”（Sansei，即Nisei的子女）。其余的是在日本出生的“一世”（Issei，即第一代）移民，他们没有资格获得美国公民身份（校注：彼时美国国内法对非本国出生者只允许自由白人和黑人以及获得归化国籍）。在夏威夷，超过15万日裔美国人占该地区人口的三分之一以上，但只有1200至1800人被监禁。
拘留的目的是为了减轻对日裔美国人构成安全风险的担忧。监禁规模与日裔美国人人口规模之比远远超过了针对数百万德裔和意裔美国人采取的类似措施，这些德裔和意裔美国人中有数千人被拘留，其中大多数是非公民（校注：德意日同为轴心国，是美国宣战后的敌对国家）。根据9066号行政命令，整个西海岸被划定为军事禁区，所有居住在那里的日裔美国人都被带到集合中心，然后被送往加利福尼亚州、亚利桑那州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州、犹他州、爱达荷州和阿肯色州的集中营。加拿大也对日裔人士采取了类似的行动。被拘留者被禁止携带超过其携带能力的物品进入集中营，许多人被迫出售部分或全部财产，包括房屋和企业。集中营周围布满铁丝网，并有武装警卫巡逻，被拘留者通常住在拥挤不堪、家具简陋的营房里。
在1944年“是松诉美国案”（Korematsu v. United States）的判决中，美国最高法院根据美国宪法第五修正案中正当程序条款，维持了驱逐令的合宪性（校注：美国宪法第五修正案为美国权利法案一部分，规定未经正当法律程序，未经正当法律程序；除非给予公正补偿，私有财产不得为公共用途而被征用）。法院将其判决限制在驱逐令的有效性范围内，避免了未经正当程序监禁美国公民的问题。但同一天，法院又在“远藤案”（Ex parte Endo）中裁定，忠诚的美国公民不得被拘留，并由此开始释放他们（校注：两个同一天的判决中第一个出于国家安全的考虑的判决被长期批评，并在2018年被最高法院明确否定为错误判决。第二个判决则被经常引用为对个人自由和正当程序的坚持的道德判决而获得支持）。1944年12月17日，驱逐令被撤销，十个集中营中的九个在1945年底前被关闭。日裔美国人最初被禁止服兵役，但到1943年，他们被允许参军，战争期间共有2万人服役。超过4000名学生获准离开集中营去上大学。集中营医院记录了5981名新生儿和1862名在监禁期间死亡的病例。
20世纪70年代，在日裔美国公民联盟（JACL）和救济组织日益增长的压力下，吉米·卡特总统任命了战时平民安置和拘留委员会（CWRIC），调查拘留是否合理。1983年，该委员会发布的《个人正义被剥夺》报告声称，几乎没有发现日裔美国人不忠的证据，并得出结论，拘留是种族主义的产物。报告建议政府向被拘留者支付赔偿。 1988年，罗纳德·里根总统签署了《1988年公民自由法案》，正式道歉并授权向每位法案通过时仍在世的前被拘留者支付2万美元（相当于2024年的5.3万美元）。该法案承认，政府的行为是基于“种族偏见、战争恐慌和政治领导的失败”。到1992年，美国政府最终向82219名被监禁的日裔美国人支付了超过16亿美元（相当于2024年的42.5亿美元）的赔偿金。
更多我的博客文章>>> 日裔美国人集中营系列1-概况 一个仁者的离世，一个信者的圆满——纪念教宗方济各 成长小说连载-《念》 第十六章 飞重洋 （3） 成长小说连载-《念》 第十六章 飞重洋 （2） 成长小说连载-《念》 第十六章 飞重洋 （1）
日本的侵华战略，这两者性质差距甚远。
是比其他国家好那么一些，但是对历史的不足的部分的反思依然有意义。
Christian persecution in Nazi Germany was a significant aspect of the regime's efforts to consolidate power and impose its ideology. The Nazis viewed Christianity as incompatible with their vision of a racially pure and nationalistic Germany, and they targeted both Catholic and Protestant churches with a variety of measures.
Persecution of the Catholic Church:
Gleichschaltung:
The Nazis sought to control and integrate all aspects of German life, including religion, through a process known as Gleichschaltung. This involved suppressing Catholic schools, press, trade unions, political parties, and youth leagues.
Kirchenkampf:
The persecution of the Catholic Church was a key part of the broader Kirchenkampf (Church Struggle), which aimed to eliminate church influence in all areas of life.
Targeting Clergy and Lay Leaders:
Clergy, nuns, and lay leaders were frequently arrested and sent to concentration camps. A dedicated clergy barracks was established at Dachau, where the majority of inmates were Catholic.
Confiscation of Church Property:
Monasteries, convents, and other church properties were targeted for seizure.
Anti-Catholic Propaganda:
The Nazis spread propaganda portraying Catholics as disloyal and subversive.
Persecution of Protestant Churches:
Reich Church:
.
The Nazis attempted to create a unified Reich Church from the existing Protestant churches, but this effort was resisted by the Confessing Church, a group of Protestants who opposed Nazi policies.
Suppression of Protestant Opposition:
.
Protestant clergy who actively opposed the Nazis were also arrested and imprisoned.
Confiscation of Bibles:
.
In July 1935, state governments were instructed to confiscate all Watch Tower Society publications, including Bibles, according to Wikipedia.
Examples of Persecution:
Dachau Concentration Camp:
.
A dedicated clergy barrack was established at Dachau, where a large number of Catholic priests and nuns were incarcerated.
Closure of Catholic Schools and Press:
.
Catholic schools and press were closed, further undermining the influence of the church.
Seizure of Church Property:
.
Monasteries, convents, and other church properties were seized by the state.
Prohibition of Religious Services:
.
The Nazis also restricted or prohibited religious services in schools.
Nazi Views on Christianity:
Incompatibility with Nazism:
Hitler and other Nazi leaders viewed Christianity as fundamentally incompatible with their ideology, which emphasized racial purity and a nationalistic vision of Germany.
Rejection of Religious Authority:
The Nazis sought to undermine the authority of the Church and other religious institutions, replacing them with their own ideology.
Substitution of Paganism:
Some Nazi leaders envisioned a return to ancient Germanic paganism after the defeat of the Allied Powers and the suppression of Christianity