The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations
In 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court decided, by a vote of 8 to 1, to uphold a state's right to forcibly sterilize a person considered unfit to procreate. The case, known as Buck v. Bell, centered on a young woman named Carrie Buck, whom the state of Virginia had deemed to be "feebleminded."
Author Adam Cohen tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross that Buck v. Bell was considered a victory for America's eugenics movement, an early 20th century school of thought that emphasized biological determinism and actively sought to "breed out" traits that were considered undesirable.
"There were all kinds of categories of people who were deemed to be unfit [to procreate]," Cohen says. "The eugenicists looked at evolution and survival of the fittest, as Darwin was describing it, and they believed 'We can help nature along, if we just plan who reproduces and who doesn't reproduce.' "
All told, as many as 70,000 Americans were forcibly sterilized during the 20th century. The victims of state-mandated sterilization included people like Buck who had been labeled "mentally deficient," as well as those who who were deaf, blind and diseased. Minorities, poor people and "promiscuous" women were often targeted.
The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations
In 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court decided, by a vote of 8 to 1, to uphold a state's right to forcibly sterilize a person considered unfit to procreate. The case, known as Buck v. Bell, centered on a young woman named Carrie Buck, whom the state of Virginia had deemed to be "feebleminded."
Author Adam Cohen tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross that Buck v. Bell was considered a victory for America's eugenics movement, an early 20th century school of thought that emphasized biological determinism and actively sought to "breed out" traits that were considered undesirable.
"There were all kinds of categories of people who were deemed to be unfit [to procreate]," Cohen says. "The eugenicists looked at evolution and survival of the fittest, as Darwin was describing it, and they believed 'We can help nature along, if we just plan who reproduces and who doesn't reproduce.' "
All told, as many as 70,000 Americans were forcibly sterilized during the 20th century. The victims of state-mandated sterilization included people like Buck who had been labeled "mentally deficient," as well as those who who were deaf, blind and diseased. Minorities, poor people and "promiscuous" women were often targeted.
美国曾经提出了一个绝育计划并付诸行动，很多南方的红脖子白人被当作退化家族对待。从1938年到1968年30年期间，大约有6.8万被强行绝育，而这项法律直到1974年才被提出废止，真正实行废止其实是在1977年，将近40年时间。
这就是所谓的“凯勒奇计划”，所以具体受害者有多少，根本无法统计。而当年受到绝育迫害的受害者，如今还有大概3000人左右。黑人就算再惨，可他们仍有生育权利，而红脖子直接被变成了公公，这简直是要灭族啊！
当年被实施种族灭绝计划的美国红脖子白人，他们男女阉割的待遇，很难想象是发生在美国这样的自由、民主的超级大国。
The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced SterilizationsIn 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court decided, by a vote of 8 to 1, to uphold a state's right to forcibly sterilize a person considered unfit to procreate. The case, known as Buck v. Bell, centered on a young woman named Carrie Buck, whom the state of Virginia had deemed to be "feebleminded."
Author Adam Cohen tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross that Buck v. Bell was considered a victory for America's eugenics movement, an early 20th century school of thought that emphasized biological determinism and actively sought to "breed out" traits that were considered undesirable.
"There were all kinds of categories of people who were deemed to be unfit [to procreate]," Cohen says. "The eugenicists looked at evolution and survival of the fittest, as Darwin was describing it, and they believed 'We can help nature along, if we just plan who reproduces and who doesn't reproduce.' "
All told, as many as 70,000 Americans were forcibly sterilized during the 20th century. The victims of state-mandated sterilization included people like Buck who had been labeled "mentally deficient," as well as those who who were deaf, blind and diseased. Minorities, poor people and "promiscuous" women were often targeted.
毛泽东为何不去留学
沈卫威
1919年3月12日，毛泽东和一群准备赴法国留学的学生一道离开北京，14日到达上海。送走留法学生后，他于4月6日回到湖南长沙。
。他在1920年给好友周世钊的信中说：我觉得求学实在没有“必要在什么地方”的理，“出洋”两字，在好些人只是一种“迷”。中国出洋的总不下几万乃至几十万，好的实在少。多数呢？仍旧是“糊涂”；仍旧是“莫名其妙”，这便是一个具体的证据。我曾以此问过胡适之和黎劭西两位，他们都以为我的意见为然，胡适之并且作过一篇《非留学篇》。
在长沙，毛泽东于1919年7月14日创办《湘江评论》。与此同时，胡适在北京的《每周评论》上发表《多研究些问题，少谈些主义》。于是，胡适和毛泽东都对对方的活动产生了反应。毛泽东是如期把《湘江评论》寄给了胡适。胡适在8月24日的《每周评论》第36号上撰写有《介绍新出版物》(署名“适”)，高度评价了《湘江评论》，并表示支持湖南的学生斗争。他说：“《湘江评论》的长处是在议论的一方面。《湘江评论》第二、三、四期的《民众的大联合》一篇大文章，眼光很远大，议论也很痛快，确是现今的重要文字。还有‘湘江大事述评’一栏，记载湖南的新运动，使我们发生无限乐观。武人统治之下，能产生出我们这样的一个好兄弟，真是我们意外的欢喜。”而这篇文章正是毛泽东写的。“民众大联合”的思想是毛泽东思想的一个重要方面，这一思想的确立是在《湘江评论》时期。
9月1日，毛泽东响应胡适“多研究些问题”的号召，在湖南起草了《问题研究会章程》，寄给北京大学的邓中夏，刊发于10月23日的《北京大学日刊》。《问题研究会章程》中所列的大小144项问题(有互为兼容)，是对胡适文章中所提出的问题的具体展示，思路和主旨与胡适基本一致。
1919年12月18日，毛泽东第二次到北京。这是他为反对湖南督军张敬尧所领导的学生运动的具体工作。他前往北京，代表“新民学会”上书胡适，是想争取胡适对湖南学生的支持。胡适晚年对助手胡颂平回忆说：“毛泽东在湖南师范毕业后到了北平，他和五个青年上书于我，——这封信，我是交给竹淼生的弟弟竹垚生保管的。在抗战期间，放在上海，竹垚生怕出事，把它烧掉了。”
毛泽东亲自登门拜访胡适之事，胡适的日记中有记录。1920年1月15日的胡适日记中有：“毛泽东来谈湖南事。”1920年4月11日毛泽东离开北京去上海。回湖南后，毛泽东寄给胡适一张名信片，内容如下：
适之先生：
在沪上一信达到了么？
我前天返湘。湘自张去，（新）气象一新，教育界颇有蓬勃之象。
将来湖南有多点须借重先生（之处），俟时机到，当详细奉商，暂不多赘。
此颂
教安
毛泽东寄
寓长沙储英源楚怡小学校
胡适晚年追忆了当年他对青年毛泽东的吸引和影响。在1951年5月16-17日的日记上，胡适回忆说：“毛泽东依据了我在1920年的《一个自修大学》的讲演，拟成《湖南第一自修大学章程》，拿到我家来，要我审定改正。他说，他要回长沙去，用‘船山学社’作为‘自修大学’的地址，过了几天，他来我家取去章程改稿。不久他就回湖南了。”
胡适所说的在毛泽东给朋友的信中可得到印证。1920年2月和3月14日毛泽东在离开北京之前分别给陶毅、周世钊的信中说：
“湘事平了，回长沙，想和同志成一‘自由研究社’(或径名自修大学)，预计一年或两年，必将古今中外学术的大纲，弄个清楚。好作出洋考察的工具(不然，不能考察)。”“我想我们在长沙要创造一种新的生活，可以邀合同志，租一所房子，办一所自修大学(这个名字是胡适先生造的)，我们在这个大学里实行共产的生活。”“如果自修大学成了，自修有了成绩，可以看情形出一本杂志。”
1921年8月16日毛泽东在湖南《大公报》上发表了《湖南自修大学组织大纲》，同时他又起草了《湖南自修大学创立宣言》。9月，毛泽东利用船山学社的校舍开办的自修大学开学。原船山学社的社长贺民范为校长，毛泽东任教务长。1922年4月，自修大学的校刊《新时代》创刊。11月自修大学和刊物被湖南政府勒令停办。湖南自修大学的学生大部分后来成了共产党的干部。
摘自《胡适周围》
--文学城www.wenxuecity.com--
很少很少有涉及美国的。可以讲几乎没有，地摊文学也要考虑市场。
The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced SterilizationsIn 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court decided, by a vote of 8 to 1, to uphold a state's right to forcibly sterilize a person considered unfit to procreate. The case, known as Buck v. Bell, centered on a young woman named Carrie Buck, whom the state of Virginia had deemed to be "feebleminded."
Author Adam Cohen tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross that Buck v. Bell was considered a victory for America's eugenics movement, an early 20th century school of thought that emphasized biological determinism and actively sought to "breed out" traits that were considered undesirable.
"There were all kinds of categories of people who were deemed to be unfit [to procreate]," Cohen says. "The eugenicists looked at evolution and survival of the fittest, as Darwin was describing it, and they believed 'We can help nature along, if we just plan who reproduces and who doesn't reproduce.' "
All told, as many as 70,000 Americans were forcibly sterilized during the 20th century. The victims of state-mandated sterilization included people like Buck who had been labeled "mentally deficient," as well as those who who were deaf, blind and diseased. Minorities, poor people and "promiscuous" women were often targeted.
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