楼主 (北美华人网)
解决政治制度的落后性基本上是一个科技研发和推广运用的问题。在我提出方案之前，让我们审视一下当今世界爆炸性科技革命浪潮背后的制度环境很有必要。把这个问题看清楚以后，针对政治制度研发和推广运用所需要的运作机制及其理想制度环境的创建也就很清晰了。下面开始我们的故事。 科技爆炸背后：市场经济及其配套的五大引擎揭秘！ 我们正生活在一个科技大爆炸的时代，然而，很少有人会深入思考这种现象背后的原因。事实上，科技爆炸的发生与制度环境密切相关，市场经济作为一种强大的动力引擎，推动着劳动力、资本、产品和知识的市场化流动。在这种环境下，每一项新技术的诞生都能找到其商业价值的实现途径。让我们更加深入地了解这五大引擎如何相互配合、驱动着科技进步的飞速发展。 首先来看劳动力的市场化，这意义深远。科研人员的工资高低所反映的一定是他们为企业创造财富的大小，且在数量上是大于或等于工资水平的，否则企业就会把这样的员工裁减掉。另一方面，科研人员也希望受雇于工资待遇最好或接近最好的企业和岗位。这样的互动就意味着每一颗螺丝钉都自觉自愿地跑到了能发挥最大作用或产出最大财富的位置上。这就是市场化配置资源所具有的威力。 其次，资本的市场化也起到了关键作用。市场经济为上市公司的创新和研发项目提供了资金保障。通过向市场寻求融资，上市公司可以筹集必要的资金来支持创新和实施新技术。同时，资本市场也激励企业进行创新，因为只有不断推陈出新并降低成本，企业才能在竞争激烈的市场中取得优势。 产品市场上的竞争也是推动科技进步的重要因素之一。在市场经济中，企业为了在激烈竞争中脱颖而出，不断推出新产品、改进旧产品，以满足消费者不断变化的需求。这种竞争促使企业不断改进和创新，提高产品质量和降低价格，从而推动科技的进步。 另外，专利制度的实施也对科技进步起到了重要的促进作用。专利制度为发明者和企业提供了法律保护，鼓励更多的科研人员投入到创新活动中。发明者和企业知道他们的劳动成果将获得合理的经济回报，这增加了他们的动力去创造更多创新，并为科技进步做出贡献。再者专利保护又是风险投资基金介入技术创新为科技型中小企业提供融资的一大依据。 最后，企业化的运营模式使得市场经济更加完善。在市场经济中，企业具有灵活的运作机制和高效的决策能力，能够更好地组织协调人力资源以适应市场需求变化和创新推广的需要。企业追求利润的动力也推动着技术的不断演进和应用 综上所述，市场经济及其配套的引擎是推动科技爆炸的重要因素。劳动力的市场化、资本的市场化、产品市场化竞争、专利制度的实施和企业化的运营模式共同构成了一个相互促进的生态系统，为科技进步提供了强大的推动力。这种推动力具体表现为：既制造出对科技进步的强劲需求，又形成了对科技进步的强大供给，还倒逼企业必须快速推广运用新技术使之成果化效益化。因此，当我们赞叹现代科技的神奇时，更要认识到这一切离不开一个良好的制度环境的支撑和推动。说的更透彻一点，科技爆炸的巨大红利也是制度环境带来的红利。 既然上述五大引擎在人类广泛的科技领域中都表现得如此出色，那么要快速解决政治制度的落后性，以解当前人类生存性安全危机的燃眉之急，则将这五大引擎延伸到政治制度领域的科技研发与推广应用上应该是一个明智的选择。 就目前的状况看在政治制度领域上述五大引擎全都缺位。虽然市场经济是一种客观存在的外部大环境，但是它的各个零部件资本的市场化、劳动力的市场化、产品竞争的市场化和企业化的运营模式在政治制度的研发与推广应用领域都看不见任何踪影。出现这种状况的一个重要原因是现行的专利制度并不保护政治制度领域的任何技术创新和推广应用。 所以我们要做的第一件事就是尽快把专利保护制度延伸到政治制度领域的技术创新及推广应用上。完成这件事等于点一把火，相当于这个多米诺骨牌系统中要倒下的第一张牌。当政治制度领域的任何技术创新及推广应用都能因为专利保护而带来明显且巨大的赚钱效应后，企业化的运营模式自然会应运而生呼之欲出。 企业化运营模式是市场经济最为关键的零部件。其他几个零部件如资本的市场化产品竞争的市场化和劳动力资源的市场化都可被视为企业化运营模式的自然延伸。它们所起的作用是进一步加强企业化运营模式使之更有效率。搞清楚这些关系我们就能理解为什么当今世界绝大多数的科技创新及其推广应用都是在企业层面实现的。 我们所说的企业化运营在这里是指这样一类企业：它们从事政治制度的技术研发，在一些国家的某些区域，拥有制度试点区，相当于一般科研企业的实验室，在试点区获得科研成果后，它们会申请并获得专利。有了专利以后，它们可以直接依靠专利收回投入的研发成本，也可以通过推广应用其科研成果来实现盈利。它们的客户是各国的中央政府及地方政府。有时一国的中央政府可能出于某种原因并不热衷于政治制度的改革，但即便如此，它仍有可能抱着试试看的态度，让该国的某些区域推行政治制度的改革。还有一些国家它们的地方政府有较大的独立性，在政治制度的改革问题上无需获得中央政府的批准。目前全世界有接近200个国家。虽说这些国家在现阶段并非个个都渴望进行政治制度的改革，但它们之中肯定会有一批国家希望进行政治改革的。将这批国家与上面谈及的地方政府加在一起就是企业的客户群。企业以工程项目收费的方式派出人员帮助上述国家或地方政府实施政治制度的改革。 在企业创建的早期阶段，它是通过个人投资者的筹资或风险投资基金的介入来募集资金的。一旦这类企业开发出很好且获得专利保护的科技产品并形成赚钱效应后，它们就可以发行股票，进入资本市场，成为上市公司。此后企业在股票市场上的价格波动或计价方式会对其形成更敏感的利益压力。 当然我们所说的企业不是一家企业，而是若干家企业或一批企业。企业和企业之间在提供的产品上都有同业的市场化竞争。它是一种以产品质量成本为准绳，趋向于优胜劣汰的运行方式。 伴随专利保护在政治制度领域的延伸以及上述企业化运营模式的出现，政治制度的研发会成为炙手可热的一个行业。当人们都知道这个地方下面有个大金矿时，大家便会纷纷赶来淘金挖矿。当然搞研发能出成果的一定是那些特别聪明的人。所以它会吸引到我们人类最精锐的部队中的一部分，也就是那些特别聪明的精英，前来淘金挖矿。 此时人力资源的市场化配置会让他们加盟研发大军，进而实现在赚大钱开心快乐的过程中解决人类政治制度的落后性问题。 从政治制度创新的未来趋势看，可能会出现两种情况：第一种情况是新制度是民主制度改进后的加强版。这种情况意味着民主制将成为一种非常稳定且运行良好的状态，今后不会再发生民主崩溃威权主义复辟的现象。这种情况有利于推动民主制度的全球化。当然它也会让与这种新型民主制相配套的意识形态成为全球主流意识形态。第二种情况是新制度既继承了民主制的许多元素也含有威权主义的部分特色，是两种制度的混合物。在这种情况下，民主派人士可能会有失落，但多数人会以白猫黑猫抓住老鼠就是好猫的实用主义态度来加以面对。以上这两种情况无论出现哪一种都将有利于打破目前东西方之间在意识形态敌对性上所呈现的僵持状态。如果意识形态上的敌对性因此而获得解决，这当然会有利于缓和东西方之间的关系，进而有利于世界和平。 本文所讲的制度环境即上述五大引擎至关重要。但是我并不认为创建了这五大引擎我们就能在政治制度的技术进步上实现一步登天马上研发出全宇宙适合碳基生命中高级动物最先进的政治制度。任何领域的技术进步都是一个渐进的过程。但是好的制度环境一定可以加快这种渐进过程。在上述五大引擎被创建到位的情况下，开始时我们可能研发出比现行东西方政治制度更先进的某种制度。假定这种制度可以让当今世界主要大国的国内战争及国家之间的战争延迟50年时间爆发，这就足够了。有了这50年的宽限时期，我相信五大引擎一定还能继续帮助我们研发出更为先进的多的政治制度。虽然到那时的水平与全宇宙最先进的水平相比还会有很大的差距，但是这个水平已经足以能让我们人类间的战争永远成为这个星球的过去式，这样就足够我们享用得啦!!! Bringing the world out of the shadow of war as soon as possible and forever with institutional innovation (II) Zhu Gang The solution to the backwardness of the political system is basically a matter of scientific and technological research and development and the promotion of its utilization. Before I propose a solution, it is necessary for us to examine the institutional environment behind the wave of explosive technological revolutions in the world today. Once this issue is clarified, the operational mechanisms required for the development and diffusion of political systems and the creation of their ideal institutional environment will become clear. Let us begin our story. Behind the Technological Explosion: The Market Economy and its Five Supporting Engines Revealed! We are living in an era of technological explosion, however, few people will think deeply about the reasons behind this phenomenon. As a matter of fact, the occurrence of the technological explosion is closely related to the institutional environment, with the market economy serving as a powerful engine of motivation that drives the market-based flow of labor, capital, products and knowledge. In this environment, the birth of every new technology can find its way to realize its commercial value. Let's take a deeper look at how these five engines complement each other and drive the rapid development of technological progress. First, let's look at the marketization of labor, which is far-reaching. The wages of researchers must be a reflection of the amount of wealth they create for the enterprise, and in quantitative terms are greater than or equal to the level of wages, otherwise the enterprise will lay off such employees. On the other hand, researchers also want to be employed by firms and positions that pay the best or near the best wages. Such an interaction means that every screw is consciously and voluntarily running to the position where it can make the most difference or produce the most wealth. This is the power that marketized allocation of resources has. Secondly, the marketization of capital also plays a key role. The market economy provides financial security for the innovation and R&D projects of listed companies. By seeking financing from the market, listed companies can raise the necessary capital to support innovation and the implementation of new technologies. At the same time, the capital market incentivizes firms to innovate because only by constantly pushing the boundaries of what is new and lowering costs can firms gain an advantage in a highly competitive market. Competition in the product market is also one of the important factors driving technological progress. In a market economy, in order to stand out in the fierce competition, enterprises constantly launch new products and improve old products to meet the changing needs of consumers. This competition prompts enterprises to continuously improve and innovate, increase product quality and lower prices, thus promoting the progress of science and technology. In addition, the implementation of the patent system also plays an important role in promoting scientific and technological progress. The patent system provides legal protection for inventors and enterprises and encourages more researchers to devote themselves to innovative activities. Inventors and enterprises know that the fruits of their labor will receive a reasonable financial return, which increases their motivation to create more innovations and contribute to scientific and technological progress. Furthermore, patent protection is a great basis for venture capital funds to intervene in technological innovation to provide financing for SMEs in science and technology. Finally, the enterprise-oriented operation mode makes the market economy more perfect. In the market economy, enterprises have flexible operation mechanism and efficient decision-making ability, and can better organize and coordinate human resources to adapt to changes in market demand and the need for innovation and promotion. The profit-seeking drive of enterprises also drives the continuous evolution and application of technology. To summarize, the market economy and its supporting engines are important factors driving the explosion of science and technology. The marketization of labor, the marketization of capital, the market-based competition of products, the implementation of the patent system and the entrepreneurial mode of operation together constitute a mutually reinforcing ecosystem, which provides a powerful driving force for the progress of science and technology. This impetus is specifically manifested as: not only to create a strong demand for scientific and technological progress, but also the formation of a strong supply of scientific and technological progress, but also to force enterprises to quickly promote the use of new technologies to make the results of the benefits. Therefore, when we marvel at the magic of modern science and technology, but also to recognize that all this is inseparable from a good institutional environment to support and promote. To put it more thoroughly, the huge dividends of the explosion of science and technology are also the dividends brought by the institutional environment. Since the above five engines have performed so well in a wide range of scientific and technological fields of mankind, then to quickly solve the backwardness of the political system to solve the urgent needs of the current human existential security crisis, the extension of these five engines to the field of the political system of scientific and technological research and development and popularization of the application of a wise choice. In the current situation, all the above five engines are absent in the field of political system. Although the market economy is an objective existence of the external environment, but its various parts of the capital of the market, the marketization of labor, product competition in the market and the enterprise mode of operation in the political system of research and development and the promotion of the application of the field can not be seen any trace. An important reason for this situation is that the existing patent system does not protect any technological innovation and popularization of application in the field of political system. Therefore, the first thing we have to do is to extend the patent protection system as soon as possible to technological innovation and popularization in the field of political system. Completing this task is equivalent to lighting a fire, which is the first card to fall in this domino system. When the political system in the field of any technological innovation and the promotion of the application of patent protection can bring obvious and huge money-making effect, entrepreneurial mode of operation will naturally come into being. The entrepreneurial mode of operation is the most crucial component of the market economy. Several other components, such as the marketization of capital, the marketization of product competition and the marketization of labor resources can be regarded as natural extensions of the entrepreneurial mode of operation. Their role is to further strengthen the entrepreneurial mode of operation to make it more efficient. By clarifying these relationships we can understand why the vast majority of scientific and technological innovations and their diffusion in the world today are realized at the enterprise level. By entrepreneurial operation, we mean a type of enterprise that engages in technological research and development of political systems, and in some regions of some countries, has pilot zones of the system, which are equivalent to laboratories of general scientific research enterprises, and after obtaining the results of scientific research in the pilot zones, they apply for and obtain patents. After obtaining a patent, they can directly rely on the patent to recover the cost of the research and development they have invested in, or they can realize profits by promoting the application of their scientific research results. Their clients are the central governments and local governments of various countries. Sometimes the central government of a country may not be keen to reform the political system for some reason, but even so, it may still be tempted to allow certain regions of the country to implement political system reforms. There are also countries where local governments are more independent and do not need the approval of the central government to reform the political system. There are currently close to 200 countries in the world. While not all of these countries are eager to reform their political systems at this stage, there is certainly a group of them that would like to do so. Together with the local governments mentioned above, these countries are the clientele of the enterprise. The enterprise sends personnel to help these countries or local governments to implement political reforms on a project fee basis. In the early stages of the enterprise, it raises capital through individual investor funding or venture capital funds. Once such enterprises have developed very good and patent-protected scientific and technological products and developed a money-making effect, they can issue shares, enter the capital market and become listed companies. Thereafter the price fluctuation or valuation method of the enterprises in the stock market will exert more sensitive pressure on their interests. Of course we are not talking about one enterprise, but a number of enterprises or a group of enterprises. There is market-based competition between firms and companies in the same industry for the products they offer. It is a type of operation that tends to operate on the basis of the cost of product quality and tends to favor the best over the worst. Along with the extension of patent protection in the field of political systems and the emergence of the entrepreneurial mode of operation described above, research and development in political systems will become a hot industry. When people know that there is a big gold mine underneath this place, everyone will rush to dig for gold. Of course, the ones who can produce results in R&D must be the exceptionally smart ones. So it will attract some of the most elite troops of human beings, that is, those particularly smart elites, to come to the gold mine. At this time the market-oriented allocation of human resources will allow them to join the R & D army, and thus realize in the process of making big money happy happy to solve the backwardness of the human political system. Looking at the future trend of political system innovation, two scenarios may emerge: the first scenario is that the new system is an enhanced version of the improved democratic system. This situation means that democracy will become a very stable and well-functioning state, and the phenomenon of the collapse of democracy and the resurgence of authoritarianism will not occur in the future. This situation is conducive to the globalization of democracy. Of course, it will also allow the ideology that goes with this new type of democracy to become the dominant ideology in the world. The second scenario is that the new system inherits many elements of democracy as well as some features of authoritarianism, and is a mixture of the two systems. In this case, democrats may feel frustrated, but most of them will face the situation with the pragmatic attitude that a white cat and a black cat catching mice is a good thing. Either of these two situations will be conducive to breaking the current stalemate between the East and the West in terms of ideological hostility. If the ideological hostility is thus resolved, this will of course be conducive to easing the relationship between the East and the West, which in turn will be conducive to world peace. The institutional environment described in this paper, i.e., the five engines mentioned above, is of paramount importance. However, I do not think that by creating these five engines we will be able to realize a step forward in the technological progress of the political system and immediately develop the most advanced political system in the universe that is suitable for the advanced animals in carbon-based life. Technological progress in any field is a gradual process. But a good institutional environment can certainly accelerate this gradual process. With the above five engines being created in place, in the beginning we might develop some kind of system that is more advanced than the current East-West political system. It would be sufficient to assume that such a system could delay the outbreak of domestic wars and interstate wars in the major world powers today by 50 years. With this 50-year grace period, I'm sure the five engines will still be able to continue to help us develop more advanced multi political systems. Although there will still be a big gap between the level at that time and the most advanced level in the universe, this level is already enough to make our inter-human wars become the past tense of this planet forever, which is enough for us to enjoy!