人类疫苗如果以防止感染为标准来分类，可以分为两类：1.完全防止感染sterilizing vaccine; 2. 不完全防止感染， non-sterilizing vaccine. 人类疫苗只有非常少的几种疫苗可以被成为sterilizing vaccines, 比如：天花，麻疹， 黄热病， 口服小儿麻痹疫苗 其他绝大多数，都是不能完全防止感染，但是能降低疾病严重程度，通过防止严重后果来提供保护。 Sterilizing vaccines are those that completely prevent infection, meaning that the immune response they generate stops the pathogen from establishing itself in the host. As of now, very few human vaccines are truly sterilizing. Most vaccines do not completely prevent infection but reduce the severity of the disease or the likelihood of transmission. While precise percentages can be difficult to ascertain due to variability in vaccine effectiveness and the evolving nature of infectious diseases, some well-known examples of sterilizing vaccines include: Smallpox vaccine (variola virus) – considered one of the most effective sterilizing vaccines. Measles vaccine – typically provides long-lasting immunity and significantly reduces transmission. Yellow fever vaccine – highly effective and long-lasting, often considered sterilizing. Oral polio vaccine – provides sterilizing immunity, particularly in preventing the transmission of the poliovirus. However, these vaccines are the exception rather than the rule. Many vaccines, like those for influenza or COVID-19, are highly effective in reducing disease severity but may not always prevent infection or transmission entirely. Given these factors, only a small percentage of human vaccines can be considered sterilizing, though there isn't a precise percentage readily available. The majority of vaccines fall into the category of "non-sterilizing" but still play a crucial role in controlling diseases.
为什么天花疫苗是sterilizing 疫苗？ 关键词：减毒活病毒疫苗 减毒活病毒疫苗引起非常强和广谱的免疫反应并且可以持续终生 因为免疫力强，天花病毒无法在人体建立感染并复制，所以也阻断了传播 其他因素还有天花病毒变异速度慢等 Why is the smallpox vaccine sterilzing? The smallpox vaccine, which uses the vaccinia virus (a close relative of the variola virus that causes smallpox), is considered sterilizing for several reasons: 1. Strong Immune Response: The smallpox vaccine elicits a robust and long-lasting immune response. The vaccinia virus is a live, attenuated virus, meaning it can replicate in the host to a limited extent without causing disease. This replication helps to stimulate the immune system powerfully, leading to the production of a strong, protective immune response. 2. High Efficacy: The vaccine is highly effective, providing protection in about 95% of those vaccinated. It creates a long-lasting immunity that can last for decades, often for a lifetime. This high level of efficacy is key to preventing the virus from establishing itself in the body and stopping transmission. 3. Lack of Viral Reservoirs: The smallpox virus only infects humans and has no animal reservoir. This means that once a person is vaccinated and immune, they are fully protected from natural sources of the virus. This contributes to the vaccine's sterilizing nature because there is no way for the virus to re-enter the human population from animals. 4. Complete Prevention of Transmission: The vaccine not only prevents the disease but also prevents the vaccinated person from becoming a carrier of the virus. Even if exposed, the immune system neutralizes the virus before it can replicate and spread, effectively blocking transmission. 5. Smallpox Virus Characteristics: The smallpox virus does not mutate rapidly. This genetic stability means that the vaccine remains effective over time, unlike viruses like influenza or HIV, which mutate frequently and can escape immune detection. 6. Global Eradication: The success of the smallpox vaccine in providing sterilizing immunity was crucial in the global eradication of smallpox. Without the ability to establish infection in vaccinated individuals, the virus was eventually driven out of human populations. These factors combined make the smallpox vaccine a sterilizing vaccine, preventing not just the disease but also the establishment and spread of the virus within and between individuals.
为什么流感和新冠疫苗不是sterilizing vaccines(不能防止感染）？ 流感和COVID-19疫苗通常不属于灭菌性疫苗，这与病毒的性质、它们引发的免疫反应以及这些疫苗的设计方式有关。原因如下： 病毒突变和多样性： 流感病毒： 流感病毒突变迅速，通过抗原漂移和抗原转换的过程，其表面蛋白（血凝素和神经氨酸酶）频繁发生变化。这种持续的变化使得病毒能够逃避免疫系统的检测，即使在接种疫苗的人群中，也很难使疫苗提供灭菌性免疫。 SARS-CoV-2（COVID-19）： 虽然不如流感病毒多变，但SARS-CoV-2也会发生突变，特别是在其刺突蛋白上，而这正是大多数COVID-19疫苗的靶点。像Delta和Omicron这样的变异株已经表现出部分逃避免疫的能力，降低了疫苗完全防止感染的能力。 免疫反应的性质： 流感疫苗： 流感疫苗通常引发足够强的免疫反应，以防止重症发生，但并不总是足以完全阻止病毒进入细胞并复制。这种部分免疫反应能够减轻症状，但并不总是能完全消除体内的病毒。 COVID-19疫苗： COVID-19疫苗，尤其是mRNA疫苗，会产生强烈的抗体和T细胞反应，对预防重症和死亡非常有效。然而，鼻腔和咽喉的黏膜免疫通常较弱，使病毒能够在免疫系统响应之前进入并在一定程度上复制，从而导致轻微或无症状的感染，仍可能传播给他人。 疫苗设计： 流感疫苗： 大多数流感疫苗都旨在针对某个流感季节中预测最常见的特定毒株。由于病毒的高突变率，疫苗与流行毒株之间的匹配可能并不总是完美，这降低了灭菌性免疫的可能性。 COVID-19疫苗： 最初的COVID-19疫苗旨在针对原始的SARS-CoV-2毒株。随着病毒的演变，这些疫苗在减少重症方面仍然有效，但在预防新变异株导致的轻微或无症状感染方面效果较差。 传播机制： 流感和COVID-19： 这两种病毒主要通过呼吸道飞沫和气溶胶传播。由于它们首先感染呼吸道，而呼吸道的免疫环境与身体其他部位不同，因此疫苗更难在这些部位产生灭菌性免疫反应。通常来说，呼吸道需要的黏膜免疫比全身免疫（例如通过疫苗在全身循环的免疫反应）更弱。 免疫持续时间： 流感： 流感疫苗提供的免疫通常消退得相对较快，通常在一年内，这需要每年接种疫苗。这种免疫持续时间较短也降低了获得灭菌性免疫的可能性。 COVID-19： COVID-19疫苗提供的免疫虽然强，但随着时间推移，特别是在预防感染方面，这种免疫力会减弱。加强针可以帮助恢复一定程度的保护，但随着免疫力的减弱以及病毒突变，获得灭菌性免疫的挑战依然存在。 总结而言，病毒的快速突变率、免疫反应的性质（特别是在呼吸道内）以及疫苗的设计方式，都是导致流感和COVID-19疫苗不是灭菌性疫苗的原因。相反，它们的重点是减少疾病的严重程度、住院率和死亡率，这对于公共卫生管理至关重要。 why aren't influenza or covid-19 vaccines sterilizing vaccines? Influenza and COVID-19 vaccines are not typically sterilizing vaccines due to several factors related to the nature of the viruses, the immune response they generate, and the way these vaccines are designed. Here’s why: 1. Viral Mutation and Variability: Influenza Virus: The influenza virus mutates rapidly, undergoing frequent changes in its surface proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) through processes known as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. This constant change allows the virus to evade immune detection, even in vaccinated individuals, making it difficult for vaccines to provide sterilizing immunity. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): While not as variable as the influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2 also undergoes mutations, especially in its spike protein, which is the target of most COVID-19 vaccines. Variants like Delta and Omicron have shown the ability to partially escape immunity, reducing the ability of vaccines to completely prevent infection. 2. Nature of the Immune Response: Influenza Vaccines: Influenza vaccines typically induce an immune response that is strong enough to prevent severe disease but not always sufficient to completely block the virus from entering cells and replicating. This partial immune response reduces symptoms but does not always eliminate the virus entirely from the body. COVID-19 Vaccines: COVID-19 vaccines, particularly the mRNA vaccines, generate strong antibody and T-cell responses, which are highly effective at preventing severe illness and death. However, the mucosal immunity (in the nose and throat) is often weaker, allowing the virus to enter and replicate to some extent before the immune system can respond, leading to mild or asymptomatic infections that can still be transmitted to others. 3. Vaccine Design: Influenza Vaccines: Most influenza vaccines are designed to target specific strains predicted to be most common in a given flu season. Due to the virus’s high mutation rate, the match between the vaccine and circulating strains may not always be perfect, reducing the likelihood of sterilizing immunity. COVID-19 Vaccines: The initial COVID-19 vaccines were designed to target the original strain of SARS-CoV-2. As the virus has evolved, these vaccines remain effective in reducing severe outcomes but are less effective in preventing mild or asymptomatic infections with newer variants. 4. Transmission Mechanisms: Influenza and COVID-19: Both viruses are transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Because they first infect the respiratory tract, which has a different immune environment than other parts of the body, it's harder for vaccines to generate a sterilizing immune response at these sites. Mucosal immunity, which would be required for sterilizing immunity in the respiratory tract, is typically less robust than systemic immunity (like the kind induced by vaccines that circulate throughout the body). 5. Immunity Duration: Influenza: Immunity from influenza vaccines tends to wane relatively quickly, often within a year, necessitating annual vaccinations. This short duration of immunity also reduces the potential for sterilizing immunity. COVID-19: Immunity from COVID-19 vaccines, while strong, also wanes over time, particularly against infection. Boosters can help restore some level of protection, but the challenge of waning immunity, combined with viral mutations, makes sterilizing immunity difficult to achieve. In summary, the rapid mutation rates of the viruses, the nature of the immune response (particularly in the respiratory tract), and the way the vaccines are designed contribute to why influenza and COVID-19 vaccines are not sterilizing. Instead, they focus on reducing disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths, which are critical for managing public health.
疫苗没有增加感染的机会，恰恰相反，疫苗注射降低感染率 只是因为新冠病毒的高度传染性和易感性，在pandamic里，几乎无人能躲过。 你把先注射疫苗后发生感染的temperal correlation误解成causality了 这是你的错误所在 COVID-19疫苗显著降低了全球的感染率和疾病严重程度。根据大规模分析，美国那些保持较高疫苗接种率的州，其累计感染率和死亡率分别减少了多达30%和35%。这表明广泛的疫苗接种在控制病毒传播和减轻疾病总体负担方面至关重要。 数据还显示，较高的疫苗接种率与较少的感染病例相关。例如，如果接种率较低的州能达到最高的接种率，他们可能会显著减少感染和死亡。此外，疫苗接种活动较为成功的国家通常经历了较少的住院和重症病例，这进一步证明了疫苗在抑制感染率和保护公共健康方面的重要作用 (IHME) (Our World in Data)。 欲了解更多详细信息，您可以访问以下报告： Our World in Data: COVID-19 Vaccinations The Lancet: COVID-19 Impact Analysis The COVID-19 vaccines have significantly reduced infection rates and disease severity worldwide. According to a large-scale analysis, states in the U.S. that maintained higher vaccination rates saw a reduction in cumulative infections and deaths by up to 30% and 35%, respectively. This indicates that widespread vaccination efforts have been crucial in controlling the spread of the virus and reducing the overall burden of the disease. The data also highlights that higher vaccine uptake correlates with fewer infections. For instance, if states with lower vaccination rates had matched the highest rates, they could have seen significant reductions in both infections and mortality. Moreover, countries with robust vaccination campaigns generally experienced fewer hospitalizations and severe cases, underscoring the vaccines'' role in dampening infection rates and protecting public health (IHME) (Our World in Data). For more detailed information, you can visit the full reports on these findings: Our World in Data: COVID-19 Vaccinations The Lancet: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
大家估计都不住在热带地区，因此 疟疾 不是一个常见的传染病，对于置身事外的疾病，讨论起来应该可以更平心静气 ChatGPT 对 疟疾 疫苗 是这样说的： Currently available malaria vaccine (RTS, S/AS01) only provides partial protection. According to the World Health Organization, it reduces malaria episodes by about 39% in children who have completed four doses of the vaccine. More research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria. This doesn't mean the vaccinated individual are 100% immune from getting malaria, but the severity of the disease could be significantly reduced should they be infected.
按照CDC2015年前疫苗的定义，需要达到prevent the disease 任选一个2015年前的时间点 https://web.archive.org/web/20240000000000*/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imz-basics.htm Vaccination: Injection of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the disease. Vaccine: A product that produces immunity therefore protecting the body from the disease. Vaccines are administered through needle injections, by mouth and by aerosol. 现在的定义早偷偷改过了，没有主媒或科学家来科普一下。旧瓶装新药，才会出现新冠”疫苗”，从防传染到防重症再到防死亡的笑话。
surezzz 发表于 2024-08-18 21:11 按照CDC2015年前疫苗的定义，需要达到prevent the disease 任选一个2015年前的时间点 https://web.archive.org/web/20240000000000*/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imz-basics.htm Vaccination: Injection of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the disease. Vaccine: A product that produces immunity therefore protecting the body from the disease. Vaccines are administered through needle injections, by mouth and by aerosol. 现在的定义早偷偷改过了，没有主媒或科学家来科普一下。旧瓶装新药，才会出现新冠”疫苗”，从防传染到防重症再到防死亡的笑话。
"Vaccination: Injection of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the disease." Does this definition of vaccination mean prevention of infection, implicating sterilization? The definition you provided of vaccination—"Injection of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the disease"—does not necessarily imply the prevention of infection (sterilizing immunity) in every case. Sterilizing immunity means that the vaccinated individual cannot become infected at all, and therefore cannot spread the disease to others. However, not all vaccines provide sterilizing immunity. Some vaccines may prevent severe disease or symptoms but do not completely prevent the initial infection or the ability to transmit the pathogen. So, while vaccination is intended to prevent disease, this doesn't always mean it prevents infection or transmission entirely. The goal of many vaccines is to reduce the severity of the disease and its complications, which is still a crucial aspect of public health. The definition of vaccination has evolved over the last two decades, reflecting advancements in science, technology, and public health understanding. Historically, vaccination was often described as the administration of a weakened or killed pathogen to stimulate the body's immune system to recognize and fight the disease, thereby preventing illness. Recent Changes: Broader Understanding: The definition has expanded to include modern vaccine technologies that do not necessarily involve whole pathogens. For example, mRNA vaccines (like some COVID-19 vaccines) do not use live or inactivated viruses but instead provide instructions to cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response. Focus on Disease Prevention, Not Just Infection: The emphasis has shifted from solely preventing infection (sterilizing immunity) to preventing severe disease and complications. Many vaccines today are designed to reduce the severity of illness, even if they do not fully prevent infection. Inclusion of Genetic and Subunit Vaccines: The definition now encompasses a wider array of vaccine types, including subunit, vector, and mRNA vaccines, which rely on components of the pathogen or genetic material to induce immunity. While the core concept of vaccination—stimulating the immune system to protect against disease—remains the same, the definition has been refined to reflect the diversity of vaccine types and their varying mechanisms of action.
人类疫苗只有非常少的几种疫苗可以被成为sterilizing vaccines, 比如：天花，麻疹， 黄热病， 口服小儿麻痹疫苗
其他绝大多数，都是不能完全防止感染，但是能降低疾病严重程度，通过防止严重后果来提供保护。
Sterilizing vaccines are those that completely prevent infection, meaning that the immune response they generate stops the pathogen from establishing itself in the host. As of now, very few human vaccines are truly sterilizing. Most vaccines do not completely prevent infection but reduce the severity of the disease or the likelihood of transmission. While precise percentages can be difficult to ascertain due to variability in vaccine effectiveness and the evolving nature of infectious diseases, some well-known examples of sterilizing vaccines include: Smallpox vaccine (variola virus) – considered one of the most effective sterilizing vaccines. Measles vaccine – typically provides long-lasting immunity and significantly reduces transmission. Yellow fever vaccine – highly effective and long-lasting, often considered sterilizing. Oral polio vaccine – provides sterilizing immunity, particularly in preventing the transmission of the poliovirus. However, these vaccines are the exception rather than the rule. Many vaccines, like those for influenza or COVID-19, are highly effective in reducing disease severity but may not always prevent infection or transmission entirely. Given these factors, only a small percentage of human vaccines can be considered sterilizing, though there isn't a precise percentage readily available. The majority of vaccines fall into the category of "non-sterilizing" but still play a crucial role in controlling diseases.
关键词：减毒活病毒疫苗
减毒活病毒疫苗引起非常强和广谱的免疫反应并且可以持续终生
因为免疫力强，天花病毒无法在人体建立感染并复制，所以也阻断了传播
其他因素还有天花病毒变异速度慢等
Why is the smallpox vaccine sterilzing?
The smallpox vaccine, which uses the vaccinia virus (a close relative of the variola virus that causes smallpox), is considered sterilizing for several reasons: 1. Strong Immune Response: The smallpox vaccine elicits a robust and long-lasting immune response. The vaccinia virus is a live, attenuated virus, meaning it can replicate in the host to a limited extent without causing disease. This replication helps to stimulate the immune system powerfully, leading to the production of a strong, protective immune response. 2. High Efficacy: The vaccine is highly effective, providing protection in about 95% of those vaccinated. It creates a long-lasting immunity that can last for decades, often for a lifetime. This high level of efficacy is key to preventing the virus from establishing itself in the body and stopping transmission. 3. Lack of Viral Reservoirs: The smallpox virus only infects humans and has no animal reservoir. This means that once a person is vaccinated and immune, they are fully protected from natural sources of the virus. This contributes to the vaccine's sterilizing nature because there is no way for the virus to re-enter the human population from animals. 4. Complete Prevention of Transmission: The vaccine not only prevents the disease but also prevents the vaccinated person from becoming a carrier of the virus. Even if exposed, the immune system neutralizes the virus before it can replicate and spread, effectively blocking transmission. 5. Smallpox Virus Characteristics: The smallpox virus does not mutate rapidly. This genetic stability means that the vaccine remains effective over time, unlike viruses like influenza or HIV, which mutate frequently and can escape immune detection. 6. Global Eradication: The success of the smallpox vaccine in providing sterilizing immunity was crucial in the global eradication of smallpox. Without the ability to establish infection in vaccinated individuals, the virus was eventually driven out of human populations. These factors combined make the smallpox vaccine a sterilizing vaccine, preventing not just the disease but also the establishment and spread of the virus within and between individuals.
请让你家AI举几个例子来说明，那些疫苗是如何降低疾病严重程度的？！它又是怎么知道该疫苗是降低疾病严重程度？
难道就和流感/新冠疫苗一样，打完更容易中奖，因为中奖让自身产生天然免疫力？如果这样说，疫苗确实是有大用。
流感和COVID-19疫苗通常不属于灭菌性疫苗，这与病毒的性质、它们引发的免疫反应以及这些疫苗的设计方式有关。原因如下： 病毒突变和多样性： 流感病毒： 流感病毒突变迅速，通过抗原漂移和抗原转换的过程，其表面蛋白（血凝素和神经氨酸酶）频繁发生变化。这种持续的变化使得病毒能够逃避免疫系统的检测，即使在接种疫苗的人群中，也很难使疫苗提供灭菌性免疫。 SARS-CoV-2（COVID-19）： 虽然不如流感病毒多变，但SARS-CoV-2也会发生突变，特别是在其刺突蛋白上，而这正是大多数COVID-19疫苗的靶点。像Delta和Omicron这样的变异株已经表现出部分逃避免疫的能力，降低了疫苗完全防止感染的能力。 免疫反应的性质： 流感疫苗： 流感疫苗通常引发足够强的免疫反应，以防止重症发生，但并不总是足以完全阻止病毒进入细胞并复制。这种部分免疫反应能够减轻症状，但并不总是能完全消除体内的病毒。 COVID-19疫苗： COVID-19疫苗，尤其是mRNA疫苗，会产生强烈的抗体和T细胞反应，对预防重症和死亡非常有效。然而，鼻腔和咽喉的黏膜免疫通常较弱，使病毒能够在免疫系统响应之前进入并在一定程度上复制，从而导致轻微或无症状的感染，仍可能传播给他人。 疫苗设计： 流感疫苗： 大多数流感疫苗都旨在针对某个流感季节中预测最常见的特定毒株。由于病毒的高突变率，疫苗与流行毒株之间的匹配可能并不总是完美，这降低了灭菌性免疫的可能性。 COVID-19疫苗： 最初的COVID-19疫苗旨在针对原始的SARS-CoV-2毒株。随着病毒的演变，这些疫苗在减少重症方面仍然有效，但在预防新变异株导致的轻微或无症状感染方面效果较差。 传播机制： 流感和COVID-19： 这两种病毒主要通过呼吸道飞沫和气溶胶传播。由于它们首先感染呼吸道，而呼吸道的免疫环境与身体其他部位不同，因此疫苗更难在这些部位产生灭菌性免疫反应。通常来说，呼吸道需要的黏膜免疫比全身免疫（例如通过疫苗在全身循环的免疫反应）更弱。 免疫持续时间： 流感： 流感疫苗提供的免疫通常消退得相对较快，通常在一年内，这需要每年接种疫苗。这种免疫持续时间较短也降低了获得灭菌性免疫的可能性。 COVID-19： COVID-19疫苗提供的免疫虽然强，但随着时间推移，特别是在预防感染方面，这种免疫力会减弱。加强针可以帮助恢复一定程度的保护，但随着免疫力的减弱以及病毒突变，获得灭菌性免疫的挑战依然存在。 总结而言，病毒的快速突变率、免疫反应的性质（特别是在呼吸道内）以及疫苗的设计方式，都是导致流感和COVID-19疫苗不是灭菌性疫苗的原因。相反，它们的重点是减少疾病的严重程度、住院率和死亡率，这对于公共卫生管理至关重要。
why aren't influenza or covid-19 vaccines sterilizing vaccines? Influenza and COVID-19 vaccines are not typically sterilizing vaccines due to several factors related to the nature of the viruses, the immune response they generate, and the way these vaccines are designed. Here’s why: 1. Viral Mutation and Variability: Influenza Virus: The influenza virus mutates rapidly, undergoing frequent changes in its surface proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) through processes known as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. This constant change allows the virus to evade immune detection, even in vaccinated individuals, making it difficult for vaccines to provide sterilizing immunity. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): While not as variable as the influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2 also undergoes mutations, especially in its spike protein, which is the target of most COVID-19 vaccines. Variants like Delta and Omicron have shown the ability to partially escape immunity, reducing the ability of vaccines to completely prevent infection. 2. Nature of the Immune Response: Influenza Vaccines: Influenza vaccines typically induce an immune response that is strong enough to prevent severe disease but not always sufficient to completely block the virus from entering cells and replicating. This partial immune response reduces symptoms but does not always eliminate the virus entirely from the body. COVID-19 Vaccines: COVID-19 vaccines, particularly the mRNA vaccines, generate strong antibody and T-cell responses, which are highly effective at preventing severe illness and death. However, the mucosal immunity (in the nose and throat) is often weaker, allowing the virus to enter and replicate to some extent before the immune system can respond, leading to mild or asymptomatic infections that can still be transmitted to others. 3. Vaccine Design: Influenza Vaccines: Most influenza vaccines are designed to target specific strains predicted to be most common in a given flu season. Due to the virus’s high mutation rate, the match between the vaccine and circulating strains may not always be perfect, reducing the likelihood of sterilizing immunity. COVID-19 Vaccines: The initial COVID-19 vaccines were designed to target the original strain of SARS-CoV-2. As the virus has evolved, these vaccines remain effective in reducing severe outcomes but are less effective in preventing mild or asymptomatic infections with newer variants. 4. Transmission Mechanisms: Influenza and COVID-19: Both viruses are transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Because they first infect the respiratory tract, which has a different immune environment than other parts of the body, it's harder for vaccines to generate a sterilizing immune response at these sites. Mucosal immunity, which would be required for sterilizing immunity in the respiratory tract, is typically less robust than systemic immunity (like the kind induced by vaccines that circulate throughout the body). 5. Immunity Duration: Influenza: Immunity from influenza vaccines tends to wane relatively quickly, often within a year, necessitating annual vaccinations. This short duration of immunity also reduces the potential for sterilizing immunity. COVID-19: Immunity from COVID-19 vaccines, while strong, also wanes over time, particularly against infection. Boosters can help restore some level of protection, but the challenge of waning immunity, combined with viral mutations, makes sterilizing immunity difficult to achieve. In summary, the rapid mutation rates of the viruses, the nature of the immune response (particularly in the respiratory tract), and the way the vaccines are designed contribute to why influenza and COVID-19 vaccines are not sterilizing. Instead, they focus on reducing disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths, which are critical for managing public health.
COVID-19疫苗通过增强身体对SARS-CoV-2病毒的免疫反应，来降低疾病的严重程度。以下是其工作原理： 1. 初步激活免疫系统: COVID-19疫苗将SARS-CoV-2病毒的某一部分（通常是刺突蛋白）引入免疫系统，而不会引发疾病。这使免疫系统在未来遇到病毒时能够识别并做出反应。 当身体在接种疫苗后遇到真正的病毒时，免疫系统已经做好准备，能够更快、更有效地应对。这减少了病毒大规模复制的可能性，从而降低了疾病的严重性。 2. 生成抗体: 疫苗刺激抗体的产生，特别是中和抗体，这些抗体可以特异性地结合病毒，阻止其进入和感染细胞。这样限制了病毒在体内传播的能力，并降低了整体病毒载量，而病毒载量与疾病严重程度直接相关。 尤其是在接种疫苗后不久，高水平的中和抗体可以有效地在病毒进入时将其阻挡，从而防止其造成严重损害。 3. 激活T细胞: 除了抗体，COVID-19疫苗还激活了T细胞，T细胞是免疫系统的重要组成部分。尤其是细胞毒性T细胞，可以识别并摧毁受感染的细胞，限制病毒复制和引发严重疾病的能力。 辅助性T细胞通过帮助抗体的产生并增强其他免疫细胞的活动，进一步支持身体对抗病毒的防御。 4. 减少炎症: 严重的COVID-19通常伴随着过度的炎症反应，称为“细胞因子风暴”，这会损害组织和器官。通过减少病毒载量并提高免疫反应的效率，疫苗有助于防止免疫系统的这种过度反应，从而减少炎症及其相关并发症。 接种疫苗的人不太可能经历导致急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）等严重情况的严重炎症。 5. 黏膜免疫: 尽管全身免疫（通过在血液中循环的抗体和T细胞）是主要的防御机制，但某些COVID-19疫苗也可能诱导一定程度的黏膜免疫。这涉及到在呼吸道的黏膜上发生的免疫反应，这是病毒首先进入的部位。 虽然黏膜免疫不像全身免疫那样强大，但它仍然可以减少最初侵入的病毒数量，进一步降低严重疾病的可能性。 6. 免疫记忆反应: 疫苗产生免疫记忆，这意味着当再次遇到病毒时，免疫系统可以更快、更有效地做出反应。这种记忆反应可以通过确保身体在再次暴露于病毒时迅速而有力地作出反应来减轻疾病的严重程度。 即使病毒确实感染了接种疫苗的人，免疫系统的记忆也可以限制感染的持续时间和严重性。 7. 对抗变异株的保护: 尽管SARS-CoV-2的某些变异株表现出部分逃避免疫反应的能力，COVID-19疫苗仍然通过降低疾病的严重性提供保护。即使某个变异株部分逃避了中和抗体的作用，广泛的免疫反应（包括T细胞）通常仍然能够有效预防严重疾病。 8. 预防并发症: 通过减少病毒载量和防止严重感染，COVID-19疫苗也降低了与严重COVID-19相关的并发症的风险，例如肺炎、血栓和器官衰竭。这导致接种疫苗的个体即使感染了病毒，结果也会更好。 总之，COVID-19疫苗通过准备免疫系统更有效地应对病毒、限制病毒复制、防止过度炎症以及减少严重并发症的风险，来降低疾病的严重性。这使得接种疫苗者的症状较轻、住院率较低、死亡率也相应降低。
https://huaren.us/showtopic.html?topicid=3039946&fid=398
回去复习这座楼吧，死亡是最严重的疾病后果
新冠疫苗大大降低了死亡率， 拯救了millions of lives
至于绝大多数50岁一下的人， 打了疫苗的， 即使感染也症状也很轻微，限制于上呼吸道，而不是发展为危险的新冠肺炎。
上呼吸道上皮组织（新冠病毒的最易感细胞）面积0.4平方米， 肺泡的面积70平方米
所以，新冠疫苗注射让感染者可以发动迅速的免疫反应，降低viral load, 限制了新冠感染的停留在上呼吸道感染， 不发展到下呼吸道和肺部。
当然上呼吸道感染也是很不好受的，比如刀片喉就是因为感染的上皮细胞大量死亡。‘
这些症状会让人以为疫苗没什么用处。却不知道，疫苗其实防止了更严重的可能后果。
正当盛年的李文亮医生，就是因为感染了新冠病毒并因为没有疫苗保护，发展成了严重的肺炎去世的。
所以，30-50岁的人，如果没有疫苗保护，也是有可高达0.5%的死亡率的。
疫苗没有增加感染的机会，恰恰相反，疫苗注射降低感染率
只是因为新冠病毒的高度传染性和易感性，在pandamic里，几乎无人能躲过。
你把先注射疫苗后发生感染的temperal correlation误解成causality了
这是你的错误所在
COVID-19疫苗显著降低了全球的感染率和疾病严重程度。根据大规模分析，美国那些保持较高疫苗接种率的州，其累计感染率和死亡率分别减少了多达30%和35%。这表明广泛的疫苗接种在控制病毒传播和减轻疾病总体负担方面至关重要。 数据还显示，较高的疫苗接种率与较少的感染病例相关。例如，如果接种率较低的州能达到最高的接种率，他们可能会显著减少感染和死亡。此外，疫苗接种活动较为成功的国家通常经历了较少的住院和重症病例，这进一步证明了疫苗在抑制感染率和保护公共健康方面的重要作用 (IHME) (Our World in Data)。 欲了解更多详细信息，您可以访问以下报告： Our World in Data: COVID-19 Vaccinations The Lancet: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
The COVID-19 vaccines have significantly reduced infection rates and disease severity worldwide. According to a large-scale analysis, states in the U.S. that maintained higher vaccination rates saw a reduction in cumulative infections and deaths by up to 30% and 35%, respectively. This indicates that widespread vaccination efforts have been crucial in controlling the spread of the virus and reducing the overall burden of the disease. The data also highlights that higher vaccine uptake correlates with fewer infections. For instance, if states with lower vaccination rates had matched the highest rates, they could have seen significant reductions in both infections and mortality. Moreover, countries with robust vaccination campaigns generally experienced fewer hospitalizations and severe cases, underscoring the vaccines'' role in dampening infection rates and protecting public health (IHME) (Our World in Data). For more detailed information, you can visit the full reports on these findings: Our World in Data: COVID-19 Vaccinations The Lancet: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
个人的观察是因为样本太有限是没有统计意义的，不能用来做依据。
只有大样本的sutdy才能给出有统计意义的研究结果。
你这是互联网吗，没有记忆？
ChatGPT 对 疟疾 疫苗 是这样说的：
Currently available malaria vaccine (RTS, S/AS01) only provides partial protection. According to the World Health Organization, it reduces malaria episodes by about 39% in children who have completed four doses of the vaccine.
More research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria. This doesn't mean the vaccinated individual are 100% immune from getting malaria, but the severity of the disease could be significantly reduced should they be infected.
任选一个2015年前的时间点 https://web.archive.org/web/20240000000000*/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/imz-basics.htm
Vaccination: Injection of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the disease. Vaccine: A product that produces immunity therefore protecting the body from the disease. Vaccines are administered through needle injections, by mouth and by aerosol.
现在的定义早偷偷改过了，没有主媒或科学家来科普一下。旧瓶装新药，才会出现新冠”疫苗”，从防传染到防重症再到防死亡的笑话。
"Vaccination: Injection of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the disease." Does this definition of vaccination mean prevention of infection, implicating sterilization?
The definition you provided of vaccination—"Injection of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the disease"—does not necessarily imply the prevention of infection (sterilizing immunity) in every case. Sterilizing immunity means that the vaccinated individual cannot become infected at all, and therefore cannot spread the disease to others. However, not all vaccines provide sterilizing immunity. Some vaccines may prevent severe disease or symptoms but do not completely prevent the initial infection or the ability to transmit the pathogen. So, while vaccination is intended to prevent disease, this doesn't always mean it prevents infection or transmission entirely. The goal of many vaccines is to reduce the severity of the disease and its complications, which is still a crucial aspect of public health.
The definition of vaccination has evolved over the last two decades, reflecting advancements in science, technology, and public health understanding.
Historically, vaccination was often described as the administration of a weakened or killed pathogen to stimulate the body's immune system to recognize and fight the disease, thereby preventing illness.
Recent Changes: Broader Understanding: The definition has expanded to include modern vaccine technologies that do not necessarily involve whole pathogens. For example, mRNA vaccines (like some COVID-19 vaccines) do not use live or inactivated viruses but instead provide instructions to cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response. Focus on Disease Prevention, Not Just Infection: The emphasis has shifted from solely preventing infection (sterilizing immunity) to preventing severe disease and complications. Many vaccines today are designed to reduce the severity of illness, even if they do not fully prevent infection. Inclusion of Genetic and Subunit Vaccines: The definition now encompasses a wider array of vaccine types, including subunit, vector, and mRNA vaccines, which rely on components of the pathogen or genetic material to induce immunity.
While the core concept of vaccination—stimulating the immune system to protect against disease—remains the same, the definition has been refined to reflect the diversity of vaccine types and their varying mechanisms of action.
这个问题不用问。因为打过疫苗的，得了新冠，都把自己症状赖新冠上了。尤其Long covid，统计也不把打过疫苗的剔除。你说打过疫苗，还得了long covid，这说明什么？说明疫苗有问题啊，根本不保护啊。但是，统计还是把这个人当作covid的一员。问题是，你这个人打过疫苗，作为数据你也是contaminated啊，你如何证明自己症状完全是新冠的结果，而不是新冠加疫苗的结果。
我看了几个所谓long covid如何如何的，都不把打过疫苗和没打过疫苗的分开统计。这种统计数据有什么意义？一般有点逻辑的都能看出它的弊端。所以，说数据如何如何的，都不要信，先看看是哪里的数据，怎么统计的再说。
那么，疫苗防感染，防重症是怎么来的呢？那就是通过前后死亡率对比来的。但是，一个很严重的逻辑漏洞就是，世界上有些国家，尤其是非洲这种“落后”国家，疫苗普及率不高的国家，死亡率和先进国家，比如美国，欧洲，亚洲的日本，韩国等国家，疫苗率不说100%吧，至少比落后国家要高得多相比，并没有肉眼可见的死亡率更高。所以，你看不到鼓吹covid疫苗的到处对比国家与国家之间的差异。因为根本没有差异。也就是根本没有任何数据可以证明新冠疫苗对大众有肉眼可见的“保护作用”。
所谓数据，要么是显微镜下做出来的数据，要么就是把美国前期后期数据对比。有什么意义呢？一方面说疫苗不防传染是因为病毒变异了。一方面又对比前期后期的数据，说疫苗防重症。这不是前后矛盾吗？为什么后期死亡率降低不能算作病毒变异的结果而要归功于疫苗？任何理工科生都知道这逻辑不通吧。
天花疫苗等，这种老式疫苗都经过各种数据考验，至少我们知道它确实防传染，防发病。这也是我们对称作疫苗的东西的expectation。现在却为了自圆其说，开始拉底过去疫苗的作用，说疫苗都不防传染了。那么我问你，强制打疫苗的动机是什么？如果不防病，不防传染，大规模要求民众打疫苗是为了让药厂赚钱，是不是？
防重症，防死亡啊
新冠疫苗显著降低各年龄组死亡率拯救了millions of lives
https://huaren.us/showtopic.html?topicid=3039946
要反驳就别只放opinion却不放具体数据和分析啊
把的论证使用到的数据和分析过程摆出来看看啊