Ethanol is used worldwide in healthcare facilities for hand rubbing. It has been reported to have a stronger and broader virucidal activity compared with propanols. The aim of this review was to describe the spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol in solution or as commercially available products. A systematic search was conducted. Studies were selected when they contained original data on reduction of viral infectivity from suspension tests (49 studies) and contaminated hands (17 studies). Ethanol at 80% was highly effective against all 21 tested, enveloped viruses within 30 s. Murine norovirus and adenovirus type 5 are usually inactivated by ethanol between 70% and 90% in 30 s whereas poliovirus type 1 was often found to be too resistant except for ethanol at 95% (all test viruses of EN 14476). Ethanol at 80% is unlikely to be sufficiently effective against poliovirus, calicivirus (FCV), polyomavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol at 95%, however, covers the majority of clinically relevant viruses. Additional acids can substantially improve the virucidal activity of ethanol at lower concentrations against, e.g. poliovirus, FCV, polyomavirus and FMDV although selected viruses such as HAV may still be too resistant. The selection of a suitable virucidal hand rub should be based on the viruses most prevalent in a unit and on the user acceptability of the product under frequent-use conditions.
Ethanol is used worldwide in healthcare facilities for hand rubbing. It has been reported to have a stronger and broader virucidal activity compared with propanols. The aim of this review was to describe the spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol in solution or as commercially available products. A systematic search was conducted. Studies were selected when they contained original data on reduction of viral infectivity from suspension tests (49 studies) and contaminated hands (17 studies). Ethanol at 80% was highly effective against all 21 tested, enveloped viruses within 30 s. Murine norovirus and adenovirus type 5 are usually inactivated by ethanol between 70% and 90% in 30 s whereas poliovirus type 1 was often found to be too resistant except for ethanol at 95% (all test viruses of EN 14476). Ethanol at 80% is unlikely to be sufficiently effective against poliovirus, calicivirus (FCV), polyomavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol at 95%, however, covers the majority of clinically relevant viruses. Additional acids can substantially improve the virucidal activity of ethanol at lower concentrations against, e.g. poliovirus, FCV, polyomavirus and FMDV although selected viruses such as HAV may still be too resistant. The selection of a suitable virucidal hand rub should be based on the viruses most prevalent in a unit and on the user acceptability of the product under frequent-use conditions. FerrariF12 发表于 1/27/2020 2:21:35 PM
Ethanol is used worldwide in healthcare facilities for hand rubbing. It has been reported to have a stronger and broader virucidal activity compared with propanols. The aim of this review was to describe the spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol in solution or as commercially available products. A systematic search was conducted. Studies were selected when they contained original data on reduction of viral infectivity from suspension tests (49 studies) and contaminated hands (17 studies). Ethanol at 80% was highly effective against all 21 tested, enveloped viruses within 30 s. Murine norovirus and adenovirus type 5 are usually inactivated by ethanol between 70% and 90% in 30 s whereas poliovirus type 1 was often found to be too resistant except for ethanol at 95% (all test viruses of EN 14476). Ethanol at 80% is unlikely to be sufficiently effective against poliovirus, calicivirus (FCV), polyomavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol at 95%, however, covers the majority of clinically relevant viruses. Additional acids can substantially improve the virucidal activity of ethanol at lower concentrations against, e.g. poliovirus, FCV, polyomavirus and FMDV although selected viruses such as HAV may still be too resistant. The selection of a suitable virucidal hand rub should be based on the viruses most prevalent in a unit and on the user acceptability of the product under frequent-use conditions.
期待对冠状病毒的具体data
哈哈哈，没事的，讨论下就更清楚了，我是物理博士，不是生物博士，所以也学到东西，thanks everyone~
75%-是最佳
主题：KILL VIRUS -- 如何有效的杀死体外残留的病毒（冠状病毒）
冠状病毒的结构简单“巧妙”，外面一层自组织的蛋白包裹层，里面是一个单链核酸RNA。核酸在体外不是很稳定，尤其是RNA，很容易被降解的。所以杀死冠状病毒主要就是破环外面的蛋白包裹层。通常可以通过改变蛋白质所处的物理化学条件来改变蛋白质的结构，让蛋白活性丧失，这个过程叫蛋白质变性(protein denaturation)。各种让蛋白变性的手段也基本上对应于杀死冠状病毒的方法。
1. 改变温度。高温。
这个目前专家建议是摄氏56度 30分钟可以有效让蛋白失活，杀死冠状病毒。
2.改变Ph值。
变酸，变碱理论上都可以让蛋白变性。
实际生活中，的确有文献提到低浓度的柠檬酸(citrate acid 1% 2%)和酒精组合杀病毒，效果会更好（下面讲酒精杀病毒的时候还会提到）
3.使用化学变性剂
生化实验中，尿素和盐酸胍是大名鼎鼎的变性剂。生活中，最常见的就是两类：氯化物和乙醇类。
A). 氯化物
这个可能是一部分商用消毒湿纸巾或者喷雾（不是100%肯定）的有效成分。
譬如Lysol的wipes，介绍中明确有些可以针对冠状病毒(human coronavirus)，其他一些品牌大家留意instruction，或许也有类似标注。
Lysol wipes:
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Human Coronavirus
Influenza A Virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
B). 乙醇/酒精
Ethanol可以使得蛋白结构改变，这个是已知的，也是用ethanol杀毒的原理所在。讨论的重点是，什么样的浓度能有效杀死病毒。70%， 75%的ethanol是最常用的消毒浓度，这个消毒是广义的，针对的对象的包括各种致病微生物。楼里贴了不少帖子说明了75%的浓度是广谱杀菌的较好选择，太高的浓度可能会有负作用，影响效果。这些对细菌来说是很有道理的。
但回到我们的主题 --- 病毒，冠状病毒，或者以后可能出现的其他治病病毒。细菌和病毒之间还是稍稍有区别的。用高浓度ethanol对杀死细菌来说的负作用，对病毒来说就小多了。
找到了这个课题的一篇很好的综述文章，2018年的，见下面的链接。
总体来说，浓度高的杀毒效果更好一些。80%的Ethanol对所有21个测试里的enveloped 病毒，在30秒内就非常有效。冠状病毒是被分类为enveloped virus的。有一些病毒是很顽固的，譬如80%的ethanol没法有效杀死 poliovirus, calicivirus (FCV), polyomavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)，浓度到95%基本上灭到了临床已知的致病病毒。综述中也提到了加额外的酸可以显著的提高杀毒效果，即便在低浓度下。
谢谢大家楼里的讨论，让我也有机会看了相关的知识。我个人的选择会用80%的ethanol针对目前的大敌。
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28882643
Ethanol is used worldwide in healthcare facilities for hand rubbing. It has been reported to have a stronger and broader virucidal activity compared with propanols. The aim of this review was to describe the spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol in solution or as commercially available products. A systematic search was conducted. Studies were selected when they contained original data on reduction of viral infectivity from suspension tests (49 studies) and contaminated hands (17 studies). Ethanol at 80% was highly effective against all 21 tested, enveloped viruses within 30 s. Murine norovirus and adenovirus type 5 are usually inactivated by ethanol between 70% and 90% in 30 s whereas poliovirus type 1 was often found to be too resistant except for ethanol at 95% (all test viruses of EN 14476). Ethanol at 80% is unlikely to be sufficiently effective against poliovirus, calicivirus (FCV), polyomavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol at 95%, however, covers the majority of clinically relevant viruses. Additional acids can substantially improve the virucidal activity of ethanol at lower concentrations against, e.g. poliovirus, FCV, polyomavirus and FMDV although selected viruses such as HAV may still be too resistant. The selection of a suitable virucidal hand rub should be based on the viruses most prevalent in a unit and on the user acceptability of the product under frequent-use conditions.
冷冻才有利于保存细菌和病毒
自己吓自己吧，一切信息以中美官方为准。自己平时注意少去公众场所就行了，没必要恐慌。真的想万无一失，建议出门穿上生化服。
谢谢，所以对各种病毒，还是高浓度90%+的涵盖范围最广效果更好
不对，酒精并不是浓度越高越好，高浓度酒精容易马上导致病毒细菌表面变性，阻止酒精进入里面，无法使里面的活性物质失去毒性
对病毒并不是这样，这个已经讨论很全了，你爬爬楼，我在首页也更新了
MARK~~~~~~~~~~~~~~