根据wiki,这个数字可能是有水分的。说实话,在反犹情绪非常强烈的波兰,我很难相信他们有办法安置2500个犹太孩子而不被告发。 a.^ Sendler was one of the first Poles recognized as Righteous Among the Nations due to the efforts of Jonas Turkow, who stated for a Polish language periodical in Israel: "This noble woman ... worked for Żegota and saved hundreds of Jewish children, placing them in orphanages, convents and other places".[111] The number of Jewish children saved through Sendler's efforts is not known. The Social Welfare Department of the Central Committee of Polish Jews stated in January 1947 that Sendler saved at least several dozen Jewish children.[112] Later in her life, Sendler repeatedly claimed that she had saved 2,500 Jewish children. When Michał Głowiński, who as a child survived the war with Sendler's help, was working on his book The Black Seasons in the late 1990s, Sendler insisted that he writes about the 2,500 children she saved. As Głowiński later told Anna Bikont, he felt obliged to comply because "one cannot refuse Sendler". Sendler often spoke of the list of 2,500 children she produced, kept in two bottles and gave to Adolf Berman, but no such list has ever materialized and Berman never mentioned its existence.[113] For the first time she talked about the list and the 2,500 saved children (and adults) in 1979; back then, however, she did not suggest that she was personally responsible for their survival and named twenty four people also involved in their rescue.[114] b.^ Actual events tend to be difficult to reconstruct because later, purposely or inadvertently, for different audiences and at different times, Sendler told different stories with aspects that were mutually incompatible or contrary to known facts.[51] For example, in 1998 Sendler claimed that the communist authorities kept refusing to issue her passport for twenty years, despite the invitations from Yad Vashem she had been receiving during that period. Anna Bikont found those claims to be false. The passport was refused 1981, after the first such invitation, because of the lack of diplomatic relations with Israel, and the decision was reversed in 1983. Previously Sendler also had a passport: on several occasions she went to Sweden to visit her son, who was receiving medical treatment there.[115]
根据wiki,这个数字可能是有水分的。说实话,在反犹情绪非常强烈的波兰,我很难相信他们有办法安置2500个犹太孩子而不被告发。 a.^ Sendler was one of the first Poles recognized as Righteous Among the Nations due to the efforts of Jonas Turkow, who stated for a Polish language periodical in Israel: "This noble woman ... worked for Żegota and saved hundreds of Jewish children, placing them in orphanages, convents and other places".[111] The number of Jewish children saved through Sendler's efforts is not known. The Social Welfare Department of the Central Committee of Polish Jews stated in January 1947 that Sendler saved at least several dozen Jewish children.[112] Later in her life, Sendler repeatedly claimed that she had saved 2,500 Jewish children. When Michał Głowiński, who as a child survived the war with Sendler's help, was working on his book The Black Seasons in the late 1990s, Sendler insisted that he writes about the 2,500 children she saved. As Głowiński later told Anna Bikont, he felt obliged to comply because "one cannot refuse Sendler". Sendler often spoke of the list of 2,500 children she produced, kept in two bottles and gave to Adolf Berman, but no such list has ever materialized and Berman never mentioned its existence.[113] For the first time she talked about the list and the 2,500 saved children (and adults) in 1979; back then, however, she did not suggest that she was personally responsible for their survival and named twenty four people also involved in their rescue.[114] b.^ Actual events tend to be difficult to reconstruct because later, purposely or inadvertently, for different audiences and at different times, Sendler told different stories with aspects that were mutually incompatible or contrary to known facts.[51] For example, in 1998 Sendler claimed that the communist authorities kept refusing to issue her passport for twenty years, despite the invitations from Yad Vashem she had been receiving during that period. Anna Bikont found those claims to be false. The passport was refused 1981, after the first such invitation, because of the lack of diplomatic relations with Israel, and the decision was reversed in 1983. Previously Sendler also had a passport: on several occasions she went to Sweden to visit her son, who was receiving medical treatment there.[115]
她将这个秘密藏了54年。
“我本来能救更多人”
1999年,美国堪萨斯州一所乡村学校的4名中学生,在搜集资料参加学校的历史主题活动时,有了一个意外发现:
在一份报纸《其他辛德勒》的简短报道中,提到了一个名字:艾琳娜·森德勒,介绍只有简短的一句话“在二战时,她从犹太封锁区救出2500多名儿童。”
四个学生面面相觑:
“这不太可能吧?
是不是将250错印成2500?
辛德勒才救了1100个犹太人,
如果她救了2500多个,
我们怎么从没听说过她的名字?”
4名学生赶紧向老师求助,不曾想老师也怀疑这是印刷错误,不过一向鼓励学生独立思考的Conard老师,并没有急于否认孩子们的发现。
他鼓励孩子们主动去探寻事情的真相。
有了老师的肯定,4个孩子立马上网搜索艾琳娜·森德勒,不过令人失望的是:关于她,网上只有两个词条,且全部来自同一网站:犹太正义基金会。
几个孩子马不停蹄地发邮件向基金会询问,最终确认2500这一数字无误,但却再没有任何其他关于艾琳娜的信息。
接下来几个月,4个中学生利用放学、周末、假期的时间,不断往返于档案馆、图书馆查找各种二战资料。
她们甚至一一查看了二战纪念碑的所有名单,希望找到艾琳娜最后的安息地,最终依旧一无所获。
或许是孩子们苦苦追索的坚持,打动了上天。在她们走投无路的时候,犹太正义基金会传来一则令人振奋的消息:
艾琳娜还活着!她现在住在波兰华沙,已经90岁高龄。
而伴随老人被发现,
随之显露出来的,
还有一段震撼世界,
久久不为世人所知的伟大历史。
1910年艾琳娜·森德勒(Irena Sendler)出生于波兰华沙,父亲作为小镇上唯一的医生,在她7岁那年因为救治伤寒病人感染去世,父亲生前曾告诉她:如果看到有人溺水,即使不会游水,你也应该努力去救他。
正是这句简单的话语,和父亲舍己救人的精神,影响了艾琳娜的一生。长大后她义无反顾地成为一名护士。
1939年9月德国进攻波兰华沙,占1/3城市人口的45万犹太人,被隔离在仅有纽约中央公园那么大的地方。
而艾琳娜因为护士的身份,拥有进入犹太人隔离区的通行证,于是她开始利用职务掩护,不断为犹太人提供紧缺的衣服、食物和药品。
然而,3年后情况突然变得急剧糟糕,每天有数以千计的犹太人被送往死亡集中营,形势严峻,艾琳娜再也坐不住了。
她立即和同伴建立了一个帮助犹太儿童逃跑的“网络”,并利用社会工作者的身份进入犹太区。
连续18个月,每天冒着生命危险,来回集中营数次掩护孩子们离开。
然而很多犹太父母不敢让他们把孩子带走。他们问的第一个问题就是:有什么保障能让孩子活下来呢?
她只能如实回答:没有。因为连她自己都不知道今天能不能活着离开隔离区。
就这样在冒着生命危险,却毫无保障的情况下,她将2500多名犹太儿童藏在担架下、手提箱、尸体袋里,甚至把某些孩子装成生了传染病的样子,通过救护车鬼使神差地带出隔离区,送往天主教会。
60年后,艾琳娜依然因为当年的经历做噩梦,她回忆说:有的父母让他们把孩子带走,有的则让他们过几天再来,然而当他们再回去的时候,很多人全家已经被送往死亡集中营。
即便是侥幸被救出的儿童,
也依然时刻面临死亡的威胁,
因为当时的华沙城里人人自危,
到处是冷酷无情的告密者,
盖世太保每天四处搜寻从隔离区逃跑的犹太人。
盖世太保是德国的国家秘密警察
为了保住这些千辛万苦救出来的孩子,艾琳娜和她的同伴几天几夜赶制了3000份伪造证件,包括有牧师签名的天主教出生证和高级官员签名的身份证。
然而仅有这些还远远不够,她让孩子们把新名字在心里默念百遍,甚至千遍,教他们简单的祷告词,以免盖世太保检查的时候出纰漏。
每个走在街上的孩子随时可能被盘问,如果不会祷告词会被立即处死。
犹太人不信天主教,因而也不会祷告词,这也是纳粹判断孩子是否是犹太儿童的一种方法,艾琳娜教孩子祷告词,是为了保护孩子。
当时的华沙,
藏匿犹太人是死罪,
连家人都会被牵涉处死,
甚至比印刷“反动报纸”、运送武器
企图颠覆德国的罪名更重。
就是在这样高压严酷的环境下,
1943年艾琳娜被发现逮捕,
盖世太保对她施以酷刑,
生生打断了她的双腿、脚骨,
却没从她的嘴里得到任何有价值的信息。
极度愤怒的纳粹决定处死她,
幸亏波兰地下组织
花重金买通行刑士兵,
才把她救出来。
然而,被救出的艾琳娜并未就此罢手,
她继续隐姓埋名营救犹太人,
还将救过的孩子情况详细记录,
放在广口瓶中埋于邻居家的苹果树底下,
以便战后能让他们跟父母重聚。
1945年纳粹撤离波兰,
艾琳娜取出名单,
将孩子送还给尚幸存的父母,
遗憾的是几乎所有的父母都已被杀害或失踪,
只有寥寥几个孩子找到了父母。
自那之后,
54年间她过着像普通人一样的生活,
从未对人讲起救过2500多个孩子的英雄事迹。
直至1999年,在4个中学生的苦苦追寻下,才将艾琳娜的尘封往事带回全世界。
而这4个姑娘最终也凭借挖掘出艾琳娜的这段故事,获得那一届历史主题竞赛全国冠军。
她们被邀请在堪萨斯州做巡回演讲,最后干脆把艾琳娜奶奶的英勇事迹,编排成一台话剧《藏在广口瓶的生命》,在堪萨斯州巡回演出,然后一传十、十传百,纽约、美国、北美……
女孩们在做话剧演出的同时,还准备了一个大瓶子,把演出收入全都放进去,准备以后用来资助艾琳娜奶奶;同时她们开始卖棒棒糖筹钱,准备攒够路费去波兰看望艾琳娜奶奶。
然而还没等她们攒够路费,
事情便出现了转机。
一名叫约翰·舒扎特的富商
在听了她们的故事后深受感动,
当即决定资助她们去波兰。
当时年迈的老人
住在华沙一家养老院中,
坐在轮椅上,行动十分不便,
但见到孩子们后却异常激动,
久久地抱着孩子们不愿撒手。
这次跨越时空的伟大会面,也被ABC、BBC等世界知名媒体广泛报道,艾琳娜老人的尘封故事,开始传遍全世界。
迟暮的英雄也收到了各种姗姗来迟的荣誉,波兰总统和夫人亲自到养老院去看艾琳娜。
2003年,教皇保罗二世亲自写信给艾琳娜,赞扬她在战争期间的卓绝努力。
🔥 最新回帖
这个人在苏联时代和当局不对付 没人去惹麻烦
现在的波兰政府对于波兰犹太人的历史的立场是很复杂的
当时别的国家都不给犹太人发签证。 何凤山当时是驻维也纳领事,顶着压力给犹太人发放大量签证。 只是这段历史是他去世后,他女儿在讣告上提及之后,才赢得关注的。
同奇怪,受她救命大恩的2500 个孩子就没有宣传一下恩人的事迹吗?
二战爆发的时候波兰有非常多的犹太人 这是有背景的。
波兰和原来的奥匈接着,(似乎还有重合),具体记不得。但是奥匈是对犹太人非常宽容的。所以这里犹太人多。
比如历史上穆斯林占领伊比利亚的时候对犹太人宽容,于是那时候犹太人集中在伊比利亚半岛。后来天主教双王和后面的哈布斯堡家族开始强化天主教,打击异教徒,犹太人就跑了很多。
威尼斯在共和国时期对犹太人非常宽容,于是威尼斯有了最早的犹太人getto ,犹太人很多。
到了工业革命后的时期,欧洲这边对犹太人比较友好的有奥匈,巴尔干地区继承了奥斯曼的传统,对异教徒比较宽容。在奥匈帝国,尤其是奥地利,对犹太人很宽容,(其实奥地利对少数民族非常宽容,在当时罕见)所以犹太人特别多,维也纳就有很多。犹太人在近乎平等的维也纳社会中得到了很高的社会地位,据说这深深刺激了落魄艺术生希特勒同学和打零工的斯大林同学。于是这两个接下来开始疯狂破坏犹太人。
一战和二战之间的时候,德国这边纳粹牵头迫害犹太人。苏联那边斯大林牵头。而沙俄和后来的苏联,是非常非常排斥犹太人的。在19世纪搞了几波清理犹太人活动。。。苏联又继续搞。。。
所以你看 波兰夹在中间 自然犹太人数目很多。。。
🛋️ 沙发板凳
2006年7月30日,96岁高龄的艾琳娜在德国慕尼黑举行的纪念仪式上接受荣誉勋章,出席仪式的许多人都是当年她营救的犹太儿童。
Elzbieta Ficowska是被艾琳娜营救的一个婴儿,她说:“艾琳娜女士不仅救了我们,也救了我们的子孙后代。”
同年10月,96岁的艾琳娜,获得诺贝尔和平奖提名。
2008年5月12日,时年98岁的艾琳娜·森德勒在波兰安静地走完了自己的一生。
当年被她救下的那些孩子,不约而同带着他们的伴侣、孩子,从世界各地赶来艾琳娜的墓前,向他们共同的“妈妈”告别。
临终前她的一段话曾让无数人为之动容:“我从未将自己看成英雄,那些被救出来的犹太孩子,已经证明了我在世上的价值,但这并不是值得赞扬的理由。
相反,我总是受到良心的谴责,我做得并不够,也许我可以救更多的人,这一遗憾将伴随我终生。”
你能想象,
4个中学生,
一则简短的报道,
就这样“改变”了世界历史?
我想这其中的很多细节,
都值得我们回味反思:
如果当年她们的Conard老师,
没有鼓励她们去探寻真相,
只是敷衍地回应:
别管闲事,那就是个印刷错误。
或许这段英雄故事将永远尘封。
而随之改变的,
又何止是这段伟大的历史?
当年发现艾琳娜·森德勒的4个女孩,
如今都直接或间接从事教育工作,
人生轨迹至此改变。
她们的Conard老师,
在艾琳娜逝世十周年的时候,
波兰为其颁发荣誉证书,
感谢他和他的学生,
为波兰、为世界,
发掘出一位伟大的英雄。
话剧《藏在广口瓶中的生命》,从最初只能在小剧场演出,到如今20年过去,被全球各大剧场邀请,参演者依旧是堪萨斯州乡村学校的孩子。
2009年4月,根据艾琳娜·森德勒的故事改编的电影《勇敢的护士》上映。
讲述艾琳娜伟大事迹的书籍《瓶中的生命》,也在全球出版,长期位居畅销榜榜首。
今年,华纳出品,女神盖尔加朵饰演的历史传记影片《艾琳娜·森德勒》将开拍,相信用不了多久,英雄艾琳娜·森德勒的故事将被全世界知晓,影响数以亿计的人。
盖尔加朵
英雄也许会被岁月蒙尘,
但历史从不会忘记英雄。
慈眉善目。
华人太需要这种帖子了啊
老了就像天使一样 ---发自Huaren 官方 iOS APP
嗯,就是天使的样子 ---发自Huaren 官方 iOS APP
可能她救助的人当年都太小了?
---发自Huaren 官方 iOS APP
那些孩子当年太小了吧,绝大多数都成为了孤儿。
☆ 发自 iPhone 华人一网 1.14.05
同问,她完全可以得和平奖。
不过和平奖像个笑话,连甘地都没有得。之后,又说不给过世得人发,再之后,有一名已经过世的人也得了。
感动得掉眼泪。老太太已经营救了这么多孩子,却自责没能帮助到更多。这样的善良美好的心灵,真真是天使在人间。
☆ 发自 iPhone 华人一网 1.14.05
犹太人的一贯作风
辛德勒 - Schindler 救了1100
森德勒 - Sendler 救了2500
太感动了!
就是啊。这可是2千多人呢!
☆ 发自 iPhone 华人一网 1.14.05
根据wiki,这个数字可能是有水分的。说实话,在反犹情绪非常强烈的波兰,我很难相信他们有办法安置2500个犹太孩子而不被告发。
a.^ Sendler was one of the first Poles recognized as Righteous Among the Nations due to the efforts of Jonas Turkow, who stated for a Polish language periodical in Israel: "This noble woman ... worked for Żegota and saved hundreds of Jewish children, placing them in orphanages, convents and other places".[111] The number of Jewish children saved through Sendler's efforts is not known. The Social Welfare Department of the Central Committee of Polish Jews stated in January 1947 that Sendler saved at least several dozen Jewish children.[112] Later in her life, Sendler repeatedly claimed that she had saved 2,500 Jewish children. When Michał Głowiński, who as a child survived the war with Sendler's help, was working on his book The Black Seasons in the late 1990s, Sendler insisted that he writes about the 2,500 children she saved. As Głowiński later told Anna Bikont, he felt obliged to comply because "one cannot refuse Sendler". Sendler often spoke of the list of 2,500 children she produced, kept in two bottles and gave to Adolf Berman, but no such list has ever materialized and Berman never mentioned its existence.[113] For the first time she talked about the list and the 2,500 saved children (and adults) in 1979; back then, however, she did not suggest that she was personally responsible for their survival and named twenty four people also involved in their rescue.[114] b.^ Actual events tend to be difficult to reconstruct because later, purposely or inadvertently, for different audiences and at different times, Sendler told different stories with aspects that were mutually incompatible or contrary to known facts.[51] For example, in 1998 Sendler claimed that the communist authorities kept refusing to issue her passport for twenty years, despite the invitations from Yad Vashem she had been receiving during that period. Anna Bikont found those claims to be false. The passport was refused 1981, after the first such invitation, because of the lack of diplomatic relations with Israel, and the decision was reversed in 1983. Previously Sendler also had a passport: on several occasions she went to Sweden to visit her son, who was receiving medical treatment there.[115]
唉,读辛德勒的名单的时候就感觉背后发凉,身如其境能够感觉到那种恐惧。
觉得自己如果处在这种情况之下早就吓尿了,只会乖乖排队上火车去集中营送死。。。
☆ 发自 iPhone 华人一网 1.14.05
太不容易了
希望多一些类似的帖子+1
写得真好
有可能夸大了数字,也有可能她完全凭印象,当时那种情况下不太可能仔细记住多少孩子,姓甚名谁 ---发自Huaren 官方 iOS APP
这个后面应该有一个组织在运作,她一己之力很难救助太多人,这种纯地下组织操作,难度非常的高,毕竟波兰本来就是反犹的群众基础特别好的地方,这也是为什么大多数灭绝营建在波兰,我印象里索比堡集中营大逃亡幸存的组织者,还在战后波兰对犹太人的迫害中被杀。对比辛德勒,他是在体制内打擦边球,也不过救了1100人。还有满洲国那个签证官,给一万多犹太人发了签证,不过这是战前的事情,当时纳粹的国策是驱逐犹太人,而不是屠杀,所以他的行为是符合纳粹计划的。
满洲国签证官有更多信息吗?知道当时很多犹太人逃难来中国,但以为是制度性的,难道只是凭个人之力?
Why 波兰反犹?
http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguojindaishi/200908/0815_7180_1303691_2.shtml
反犹本来就是东欧的特产,因为东欧犹太人多,而且聚居很明显,这样隔阂冲突就更多。中欧西欧犹太人少而且散居,所以民间对犹太人要宽容的多。